Персональные ранги военнослужащих французской армии делились на генеральские, офицерские и унтер-офицерские. Изначально чины совпадали с должностями, которые занимали лица, их носившие, однако постепенно они получили самостоятельное значение, подчеркивавшееся внешними знаками различия.

НИЗШИЕ ЧИНЫ:

Низшее солдатское звание « рядовой » всегда учитывало род войск, к которому принадлежал военнослужащий. Рядовые солдаты различных рот в линейной пехоте именовались: гренадер, фузилер, вольтижер (gгеnаdiеr, fusiliеr, vоltigеur); в легкой пехоте - карабинер, егеpь, вольтижер (cаrаbiniеr, chаssеur, vоltigеur). В кавалерии солдаты именовались: карабинер, кирасир, драгyн, егеpь, гycаp, шеволежер (cаrаbiniеr, cuirаssiеr, drаgоn, chаssеur, hussаrd, chеvаulеgеr). В специальных войсках им соответствовали: канонир (1-го и 2-го класса), сапер (l-го и 2-го класса), понтонер, минер (cаnоniег, sаpеuг, pоntоniеuг, minеuг) и т. д.
Унтер-офицеры (младшие командиры) в пехоте, пешей артиллерии и инженерных войсках носили чины: капрал (cаpоrаl; в пехоте от 8 до 10 на роту, в саперных батальонах были 1-й и 2-й капралы), сержант (sеrgеnt; в пехоте по 4 на роту), старший сержант (sеrgеnt-mаjоr; в пехоте по 1 на роту). В кавалерии, конной артиллерии и обозных частях им соответствовали чины: бригадир (brigаdiеr; в кавалерии от 4 до 8 на роту), вахмистр (mаrеchаl-dеs-lоgis; в кавалерии от 2 до 4 на роту), старший вахмистр (mаrеchаl-dеs-lоgis chеf; в кавалерии по 1 на роту). Чин старшего унтер-офицера (аdjudаnt-sоus-оfficiеr) был промежуточным между унтер-офицерскими и офицерскими. Как правило, унтер-офицеры, носившие этот чин, находились в распоряжении полковых адъютантов и выполняли техническую штабную работу.
Знаки различия солдат и унтер-офицеров
Рядовые солдаты отборных рот пехоты (гренадеры, карабинеры и вольтижеры) и отборных полков (кирасиры, конные карабинеры и часть полков Императорской гвардии) имели вместо погон эполеты (обычно шерстяные) различных цветов, что выделяло элиту в ряду обычных солдат. Кроме того, ветераны всех полков выделялись шевронами за выслугу лет; эти шевроны нашивались на левом рукаве выше локтя. Цвет нашивок обычно был красным или aвpoровым (золотисто-желтым).

Младший командный состав отличался от рядовых суконными или галунными нашивками над обшлагами обоих рукавов. В линейных частях эти нашивки (обычно с выпушками по краям) размещались наискось; в легких пехотных частях и в кавалерии, где обшлага рукавов были острыми, нашивки имели вид перевернутых шевронов остриями вверх.
В легкой пехоте и кавалерии бригадир ( капрал ) носил две суконные нашивки . Бригадир-фурьер имел знаки различия бригадира, но выше локтя носил добавочную нашивку золотого (или серебряного) галуна с выпушкой. Сержант (в кавалерии – марешаль-де-ложи) носил на обоих рукавах над обшлагами мундира одну, старший сержант (в кавалерии – марешаль-де-ложи шеф) – две нашивки , а ажюдан-су-офицер (старший унтер-офицер штаба полка, первый предофицерский чин) - три нашивки из галуна по цвету пуговиц с выпушкой по краям. Шевроны за выслугу лет у унтер-офицеров были из галуна по прибору с цветной выпушкой.

ОФИЦЕРСКИЕ ЧИНЫ:

Лица, носившие первый офицерский чин су-лейтенант (sоus-liеutеnаnt), исполняли, как правило, обязанности младшего помощника командира подразделения (фр. liеutеnаnt - буквально « заместитель »), обычно капитана в роте. Лейтенант (liеutеnаnt) также являлся помощником командира роты (капитана). Kапитан (cаpitаinе), как правило, командовал ротой (в кавалерии эскадроном). Шеф батальона (chеf-dе-bаtаillоn) в пехоте обычно командовал батальоном (этот чин существовал также в пешей артиллерии и инженерных войсках); аналогичный ему в кавалерии шеф эскадрона (chеf-d'еscаdrоn), как правило, командовал двумя эскадронами кавалерийского полка (этот чин существовал и в конной артиллерии). Майор (mаjоr) - заместитель командира полка - возглавлял полковое депо, иногда мог командовать несколькими батальонами, действовавшими вне своего полка. Полковник (cоlоnе1) обычно командовал полком. Кроме того, в артиллерии и инженерных войсках имелись чины 1-го капитана, 2-го капитана, 1-го лейтенанта и 2-го лейтенанта. Особые чины носили штабные офицеры: аdjоint а l'еtаt-mаjоr - капитан штабной службы, аdjudаnt-cоmmаndаnt - полковник штабной службы (штабной полковник ).
Офицерские знаки различия
Основными знаками различия офицеров были шитые серебряным или золотым галуном эполеты , которые соответствовали воинскому званию и носились на плечах мундира и сюртука. Цвет эполет определялся цветом прибора полка: серебряные при белых и золотые - при желтых пуговицах. Обер-офицеры носили на левом плече эполет с тонкой бахромой, а на правом – контрэполет без бахромы; штаб-офицеры имели эполеты с толстой бахромой на обоих плечах. Эполет и контрэполет су-лейтенанта имели по полю две полоски красного шелка; лейтенант отличался одной полоской на поле, а капитан имел поле чистое по цвету прибора. Шеф ( командир ) батальона или эскадрона – имел эполет и контрэполет как у капитана, но бахрома на левом эполете была канительная (витая толстая). Майор носил два эполета с канительной бахромой, но поле эполетов было цвета, противоположного прибору полка (при белых пуговицах - золотое, при желтых - серебряное). Полковник имел два одноцветных эполета с канительной бахромой.

Офицеры полков линейной и легкой пехоты, а так же пешей артиллерии носили на груди металлические офицерские знаки, вешавшиеся на шею на шнурах по цвету прибора полка. Офицерские знаки были одинаковыми для всех званий, различаясь только от полка к полку (иногда на знаках помещался номер полка и эмблема вида полка). Офицеры имели пуговицы позолоченные или посеребренные, ремни снаряжения и крышка лядунки (если она полагалась) часто обшивались галунами по прибору. Вальтрапы и чепраки офицеров обшивались галуном, причем ширина галуна соответствовало званию офицера, а майор и полковник имели два галуна - широкий и узкий. Адъютанты и офицеры штаба различались формой одежды, видами шитья и особенностями эполетов.

Полковник 9-го гусарского полка в парадной форме и капитан 12-го гусарского полка в выходном сюртуке – пример разного вида знаков различия в кавалерии

Знаки различия гусар заметно отличались от знаков различия остальных родов войск. Гусары носили эполеты только на выходных сюртуках; на парадной гусарской форме звания офицеров обозначались совершенно по другому: только галунами в виде перевернутых шевронов над обшлагами доломана и ментика, а также в виде « пик » на чикчирах. Так, су-лейтенант имел шевроны на рукавах и « пику » на чикчирах из одного галуна (цвета пуговиц), лейтенант - из двух галунов, капитан - из трех галунов. Шеф ( командир ) эскадрона носил шевроны и « пики » из четырех галунов, майор - из пяти галунов, причем два из них были цвета, противоположного цвету пуговиц полка, полковник - из пяти галунов по цвету пуговиц. Ширина галунов могла варьироваться в зависимости от звания: узкие у младших офицеров и широкие у старших. Офицерские кивера имели по верху обшивку галуном по цвету прибора, ширина и число галунов соответствовали званию офицера. Кисти в углах шляп, у этишкетов киверов и меховых шапок, а также на темляках и гусарских сапогах были у младших офицеров тонкой бахромы, а у старших - канительной или витой бахромы. Младшие офицеры имели султаны по цвету султанов своих рот, а старшие офицеры - майор и полковник - по званию (обычно полковник белого цвета, а майор – бело-красный).

ГЕНЕРАЛЫ И МАРШАЛЫ:

Бригадный генерал (gеnеrаl dе brigаdе) командовал бригадой, но мог возглавлять штаб корпуса, или занимать высокие военно-административные посты (например, военный комендант департамента). Дивизионный генерал (gеnеrаl dе divisiоn) командовал дивизией, но мог возглавлять корпус или занимать высшие военно-административные посты (например, командовать военным округом).
Высшим воинским званием являлось звание маршала Франции, введенное Наполеоном в 1804 году. Уже в день введения этого звания (19 мая) Наполеон сделал маршалами 14 своих боевых товарищей, которые помогли Бонапарту взойти на самую вершину власти. Впоследствии маршалами стали еще 12 генералов. Маршалы Франции занимали высшие посты в империи и командовали крупнейшими воинскими формированиями – п

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domain:        ACADEMIC2.RU
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» Excel 2016: Sorting Data - GCFGlobal.org
09/09/21 23:12 from Publications digests filtered

Types of sorting. When sorting data, it's important to first decide if you want the sort to apply to the entire worksheet or just a cell range.. Sort sheet organizes all of the data in your worksheet by one column. Related information across each row is kept together when the sort is applied.

Lesson 19: Sorting Data

/en/excel2016/freezing-panes-and-view-options/content/

Introduction

As you add more content to a worksheet, organizing this information becomes especially important. You can quickly reorganize a worksheet by sorting your data. For example, you could organize a list of contact information by last name. Content can be sorted alphabetically, numerically, and in many other ways.

Optional: Download our practice workbook .

Watch the video below to learn more about sorting data in Excel.

Types of sorting

When sorting data, it's important to first decide if you want the sort to apply to the entire worksheet or just a cell range .

• Sort sheet organizes all of the data in your worksheet by one column. Related information across each row is kept together when the sort is applied. In the example below, the Contact Name column (column A ) has been sorted to display the names in alphabetical order.
• Sort range sorts the data in a range of cells, which can be helpful when working with a sheet that contains several tables. Sorting a range will not affect other content on the worksheet.

To sort a sheet:

In our example, we'll sort a T-shirt order form alphabetically by Last Name (column C ).

1. Select a cell in the column you want to sort by. In our example, we'll select cell C2 .
2. Select the Data tab on the Ribbon , then click the A-Z command to sort A to Z, or the Z-A command to sort Z to A. In our example, we'll sort A to Z.
3. The worksheet will be sorted by the selected column. In our example, the worksheet is now sorted by last name .

To sort a range:

In our example, we'll select a separate table in our T-shirt order form to sort the number of shirts that were ordered in each grade.

1. Select the cell range you want to sort. In our example, we'll select cell range G2:H6 .
2. Select the Data tab on the Ribbon , then click the Sort command.
3. The Sort dialog box will appear. Choose the column you want to sort by. In our example, we want to sort the data by the number of T-shirt orders, so we'll select Orders .
4. Decide the sorting order (either ascending or descending). In our example, we'll use Largest to Smallest .
5. Once you're satisfied with your selection, click OK .
6. The cell range will be sorted by the selected column. In our example, the Orders column will be sorted from highest to lowest

If your data isn't sorting properly, double-check your cell values to make sure they are entered into the worksheet correctly. Even a small typo could cause problems when sorting a large worksheet. In the example below, we forgot to include a hyphen in cell A18, causing our sort to be slightly inaccurate.

Custom sorting

Sometimes you may find that the default sorting options can't sort data in the order you need. Fortunately, Excel allows you to create a custom list to define your own sorting order.

To create a custom sort:

In our example below, we want to sort the worksheet by T-Shirt Size (column D ). A regular sort would organize the sizes alphabetically, which would be incorrect. Instead, we'll create a custom list to sort from smallest to largest.

1. Select a cell in the column you want to sort by. In our example, we'll select cell D2 .
2. Select the Data tab, then click the Sort command.
3. The Sort dialog box will appear. Select the column you want to sort by, then choose Custom List... from the Order field. In our example, we will choose to sort by T-Shirt Size .
4. The Custom Lists dialog box will appear. Select NEW LIST from the Custom Lists: box.
5. Type the items in the desired custom order in the List entries: box. In our example, we want to sort our data by T-shirt size from smallest to largest , so we'll type Small , Medium , Large , and X-Large , pressing Enter on the keyboard after each item.
6. Click Add to save the new sort order. The new list will be added to the Custom lists: box. Make sure the new list is selected , then click OK .
7. The Custom Lists dialog box will close. Click OK in the Sort dialog box to perform the custom sort.
8. The worksheet will be sorted by the custom order. In our example, the worksheet is now organized by T-shirt size from smallest to largest.

Sorting levels

If you need more control over how your data is sorted, you can add multiple levels to any sort. This allows you to sort your data by more than one column .

To add a level:

In our example below, we'll sort the worksheet by T-Shirt Size (Column D ), and then by Homeroom Number (column A ).

1. Select a cell in the column you want to sort by. In our example, we'll select cell A2 .
2. Click the Data tab, then select the Sort command.
3. The Sort dialog box will appear. Select the first column you want to sort by. In this example, we will sort by T-Shirt Size (column D ) with the custom list we previously created for the Order field.
4. Click Add Level to add another column to sort by.
5. Select the next column you want to sort by, then click OK . In our example, we'll sort by Homeroom # A ).
6. The worksheet will be sorted according to the selected order. In our example, the orders are sorted by T-shirt size. Within each group of T-shirt sizes, students are sorted by homeroom number.

If you need to change the order of a multilevel sort, it's easy to control which column is sorted first. Simply select the desired column , then click the Move Up or Move Down arrow to adjust its priority.

Challenge!

1. Open our practice workbook .
2. Click the Challenge tab in the bottom-left of the workbook.
3. For the main table, create a custom sort that sorts by Grade from Smallest to Largest and then by Camper Name from A to Z .
4. Create a sort for the Additional Information section. Sort by Counselor (Column H) from A to Z .
5. When you're finished, your workbook should look like this:

   

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» Lentis/The Text Effect
10/07/21 02:03 from store.academic2.ru

Technologies such as text messaging increase convenience and efficiency, but carry with them unintended risks.

History[edit | edit source]

In 1984 Global System for Mobile Communications invented the text message ^[1] On December 3, 1992, Neil Papworth sent the first text message from his computer to Richard Jarvis’ phone and it said, “Merry Christmas.” ^[2] Just eight years later, the texting craze began in the United States. The average text messages sent per month rose from 0.4 messages per month in 1995 to 35 messages per month in 2000.^[3] Text messaging has been escalating since 2000 with new and better technology coming out all the time.

Texting Demographics[edit | edit source]

Although texting affects all age ranges in the United States, the largest group texting is 13 to 17 years of age, or teenagers. ^[4] The average American teen sent 3,339 text messages per month in 2010, as compared to 191 phone calls per month. Teen females drive up that average, at 4,050 texts per month. There has been a 611% increase in the number of text messages sent per month in three years. While safety was the main reported reason teens got cell phones in 2008, today, the ability to text outranks both safety and the ability to contact friends or family by phone.^[5]

The next age demographic (18-24 years) sends less than half the texts of teenagers, at 1,630 per month. In all groups under age 55, voice usage of cell phones is declining while text messaging is increasing. ^[6]

Because of this sudden increase in texting especially among teenagers, there is great concern. Although text messaging provides benefits such as convenience and efficiency in communication, there may be risks that are not being taken into account by users such as learning, health, and privacy affects.

The changing use of English in text messaging may affect language development.

Textese[edit | edit source]

Texting has spurred the development of its own language, referred to as “textese” or “txtspk.” In the interest of convenience, text users shorten or substitute words for brevity, and to maximize content in 160 characters. The online texting dictionary NetLingo includes 2,039 different texting acronyms and shorthand.^[7] Usage is prevalent enough that the 2011 Oxford English dictionary included LOL, OMG, FYI, IMHO, BFF, and ♥. ^[8] The main three categories of textese are:

homophones: replacing parts of words with letters or numbers that sound the same

gr8 'great,' RU 'are you'

initials: replacing a phrase with a group of letters

ROFL 'rolling on the floor laughing'

omissions: dropping "non-essential" letters when spelling words

wud 'would'

Language Development[edit | edit source]

While teens send the most text messages, the younger half of this group is shown to be the most accepting of textese. This invites concern as the adolescent age group is also still learning grammar in the middle school setting. ^[9] Studies by Wake Forest and Penn State show a negative correlation between the increased use of textese and scores on standardized grammar tests, controlling for age and grade. The effect was more exaggerated in younger students than the college age demographic.^[10]. The same effect has been shown in studies in Finland,^[11] Sweden,^[12] and Great Britain.^[13] Poor grammar scores in the Wake Forest study were predicted by total textese in texts both sent and received. This suggests that parents can negatively impact their children's language development in their own use of textese.

Texting also has an impact on vocabulary. A University of Calgary study found that those who text more are less accepting of the use of new words, as opposed to those who primary read print media. Students are exposed to greater variety of language in traditional print media than peer-to-peer texting. ^[14]

In contrast, other studies have shown a positive effect on reading comprehension and varied sentence structure with number of text messages sent per month. Only 47% of teachers in a University of Alabama study reported seeing textese appear in their students' writing in school. ^[15] Similiary, texting has been shown to have no effect on capitalization and punctuation in formal writing, including the multiple punctuation common in texting (e.g., what??!!!).^[16]

As text messaging is a rather new technology, more studies are needed to show conclusive effects of texting on language development.

Texting is an integral part of everyday life, but it has health risks not always considered including insomnia, anxiety, depression, and carpal tunnel.

Insomnia[edit | edit source]

Untreated Carpal Tunnel

Insomnia is a risk of text messaging. A study done in November 2010 found the adolescents aged 8 to 22 years are being woken up at least once per night because of a text message or phone call, and they are sending or receiving an average of 33.5 text messages per night.^[17] Another study found that college students are losing an average of 45 minutes per week of precious sleep due to cellphone usage in the middle of the night. ^[18] The both lack of sleep and the interruption of necessary REM sleep cycles can lead to drowsiness, lack of productivity, and even physical effects such as lowered blood sugar, memory impairment, and weakened immune system. ^[19]

Anxiety and Depression[edit | edit source]

Another health risk is emotional encompassing both anxiety and depression caused by cell phone usage. A study done in South Korea found there to be a direct correlation between cell phone usage and how a person is feeling. The more a person uses their cell phone, the more depressed that person feels and the lower self-esteem that person possesses. ^[20]Sherry Turkle, a psychoanalyst in human-interaction focusing on technology usage, said, “Being alone feels like a problem that needs to be solved…constant connection is changing the way people think about themselves.” In a recent TED talk she discusses how the constant need to be connected is actually causing more loneliness and depression among people. She said that without the ability to disconnect and have true alone time, that this loneliness and depression will only continue and become worse. ^[21]

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome[edit | edit source]

The most frightening health risk is the rise of carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal tunnel is caused by small repetitive movements much like texting.^[22] The former president of the American Society of Hand Therapist (ASHT) Donna Breger Stanton has said, “Handheld electronics may require prolonged grips, repetitive motion on small buttons and awkward wrist movements. This combination can lead to an increased susceptibility to hand, wrist and arm ailments such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tendonitis.”^[23]Virgin Mobile released a statement in February of 2006 warning users of the risks of repetitive texting causing carpal tunnel or other hand or wrist pains. The website, www.practisesafetext.com, was even released by Virgin Mobile to raise awareness. ^[24]

Texting while driving

Secondary Health Effects[edit | edit source]

There are also secondary health effects including injuring oneself due to walking while texting and driving while texting. ^[25]

Unfortunately, because of the recent increase in texting, there is little conclusive research done so far regarding the health effects.

A study^[26] showed that about 80% of its participants considered their mobile devices private, some even comparing the reading of another persons text messages as equivalent to going through someone's mail. Text messages are generally perceived as private and this perception often exposes people to various privacy risks.

Phone Spy Applications[edit | edit source]

The evolution of technology has led to an increase in creation of applications and websites that can perform formerly impossible tasks. Recently, there has been an increasing availability of phone spy applications. These are applications that allow you to spy on your significant other's/child's/employee's location, emails, text messages and much more. The methods of spying vary. Applications such as mobile spy require you to create an online account, which when you log in has a full record of calls (incoming,outgoing and duration) and text messages (sent and received) of the person you are spying on. Other apps such as ephonetracker and sms secret replicator^[27] send the data to your email address or phone. However,one thing is common, all these apps can be secretly downloaded onto the phone you wish to track without the owner's knowledge.

Although most applications have disclaimers such as, "It is a federal and state offense in most countries to install monitoring/surveillance software onto a phone which you do not own or have proper authorization to install. It may also be an offense in your jurisdiction to monitor the activities of other individuals...You must always notify a person they are being monitored if they are over age 18"^[28], there is no way to ensure these rules are followed.

Cell Phone Carriers[edit | edit source]

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