Science News

'The Last Starship' is 2026's most slept-on space game — you need to check out this 'FTL'-like shipbuilding strategy gem

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 15:00:00 -0500

I'm a pretty thrifty guy; no one will ever accuse me of being a hoarder or a bulk shopper. You won’t ever see me at a Costco lugging around 48-count packs of toilet paper, hernia-inducing apple bags, or ginormous 5-pound boxes of Goldfish Crackers.

But after tinkering around with "The Last Starship" for a while, I think I could be converted into a doomsday prepper; someone who loads up on necessary supplies and has a keen sense of the proper protocol for acquiring stockpiles of food, water, ammo, and —if I were stuck out in deep space — oxygen.

After being available in early access for nearly three years, "The Last Starship" 1.0 was finally released on Feb. 6, 2026, for PC from Introversion Software, the same inventive creators of "Prison Architect". It's hardly a new release at this point, but I've been absorbed by it for the last few months, and it's definitely one that space game fans should check out.

This engaging indie sci-fi video game teaches single-player gamers how to strategically operate an interstellar shipping and trading conglomerate. It does this by repeatedly driving home the importance of planning ahead while operating in the cold vacuum of outer space and fortifying your sturdy spaceship.

Oh, and watch out for space pirates!

Introversion's "The Last Starship" is officially classified as a 2D space construction and simulation game, where you design, build, and upgrade your very own working starship. Once it’s in operational order, you strike out into the starfields to investigate colorful solar systems, discover rare resources, and even stumble upon arcane secrets.

There's a dreamy, meditative element to "The Last Starship" that can’t be denied, even in this middle-aged gamer’s attitude of flying by the seat of my pants and holding an advanced degree in procrastination from Cambridge University.

You get a sense of genuine pride in accomplishing goals, fine-tuning your interstellar trading operations, and seeing them flourish before you.

The moon will hide Jupiter in broad daylight on Sept.8 — here's how to see it

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 11:00:00 -0500

On Tuesday (Sept. 8), skywatchers can first catch a striking predawn pairing of the crescent moon and Jupiter, then — where conditions and location allow — attempt the much harder daytime occultation, when the moon hides the planet from view.

Before sunrise: Find the moon and Jupiter

Set your alarm for 5 a.m. local time on Tuesday and look low toward the east-northeast sky. Check in advance for tall obstructions that could block your view of this delicate predawn tableau. A slender waning crescent moon — just under 10% illuminated and resembling a "celestial smile" — will be immediately apparent. About 5 degrees below it, roughly half the width of your clenched fist held at arm's length, will be brilliant Jupiter.

Jupiter rises in the east-northeast shortly before 4 a.m. local daylight time, but it does not climb fairly high until just before dawn's first light. The planet is in the dim zodiacal constellation Cancer; one of my astronomy mentors at New York's Hayden Planetarium, Dr. Ken Franklin, used to call Cancer "the empty space between the Sickle of Leo and the Gemini Twins." If you set up a telescope before dawn, you can be among the first to see what became of Jupiter's tumultuous cloud belts while the planet was hidden in the sun's glare from early July through mid-August.

Later in the day: The daytime occultation

Another moon-Jupiter show awaits later in the day: a daytime occultation, when the thin waning crescent moon will hide Jupiter from much of North America. Unfortunately, a swath of the western United States — anywhere west and south of a line running roughly from Bellingham, Washington, to Rockport, Texas — falls outside the occultation's visibility zone.

The occultation occurs during the afternoon, when the moon and Jupiter will appear somewhat lower than the sun and well off to its right. Jupiter will disappear behind the moon's sunlit limb, with the moon taking roughly a minute or more to inch across the giant planet's face. Approximately 50 minutes later (give or take ten minutes), Jupiter will gradually reappear from behind the moon's dark edge.

Jupiter will vanish (going from north to south) between 2:55 and 3:30 p.m. for those in the Eastern Time Zone, 1:45 to 2:20 p.m. for the Central Time Zone, and 12:30 to 1:00 p.m. in the Mountain Time Zone.

To find out when these events occur at your location, use the accompanying map. Interpolate between the ten selected cities to find the local daylight time of Jupiter's disappearance (top) and reappearance (bottom) for your site.

(Image credit: Joe Rao)

How to find them in daylight

The chief challenge will be finding the moon and Jupiter at all, so give yourself plenty of time. The easiest method is to locate the pair before sunrise and track them into daylight. Much will depend on the transparency of your local sky — how deep its blue color is. If the day is hazy, the search will be harder.

Start before sunrise, when the crescent moon and Jupiter are easiest to identify.
As daylight strengthens, keep tracking the pair or return to the same region of sky about 30 degrees — roughly four fist-widths at arm's length—from the sun, mostly to the right and, for most locations, somewhat lower.
Sweep the area with a finderscope or binoculars, remembering that the crescent moon's low surface brightness may make it hard to distinguish from the blue sky.

Once you have the moon, the next challenge is Jupiter. In a telescope, it will appear far smaller than the moon — about one-sixtieth of the moon's diameter — and it will have an even lower surface brightness. Watch for Jupiter to return along the moon's dark limb, a captivating sight as the planet seems to emerge literally from out of the blue.

If you miss it

Sighting the moon and Jupiter in daytime will be challenging, so do not despair if you fail to find them. In less than a month, on the morning of Tuesday, Oct. 6, the moon and Jupiter will have another interaction, but this time about eight hours earlier, before sunrise in a dark or twilight sky. That resultant event should be a spectacular sight, easily visible with the naked eye, binoculars, or a telescope. Space.com will provide details as the date approaches, so stay tuned!

Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for Natural History magazine, Sky and Telescope, The Old Farmer's Almanac and other publications.

Earth's moon could have formed in just 5 hours after giant impact

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 11:00:00 -0500

The moon could have formed in a matter of hours following the giant impact between Earth and a Mars-size protoplanet early in the history of the solar system. The theory comes from new simulations that take into account how the internal temperature of young protoplanets affected their geologic properties and therefore the collisions they experienced.

This giant impact scenario has become the leading theory of how the moon formed, thanks in particular to work done by planetary scientist Robin Canup. Since 2001, she has conducted and refined numerous computer simulations that describe how a Mars-size body called Theia collided at an angle just right to throw debris into orbit around the proto-Earth.

Now other researchers are getting in on the act. Adeene Denton of the South-west Research Institute led a team who performed some of the most detailed simulations of the collision yet, taking into account more of the geologic properties of the colliding worlds.

"Models have evolved to include material strength, something that's really important when you're studying collisions between smaller bodies like asteroids or for my previous paper about the formation of the Pluto–Charon system," said Denton in a statement. "We weren't sure it would matter for the moon or not. When we did the simulations, we found it actually matters quite a bit."

It turns out that warmer bodies are weaker than colder ones. After the planets formed, they were still hot inside from their formation, which would have affected their material strength. Given that the moon-forming impact occurred not long after the solar system's formation, this would have affected the collision with Theia — but to what degree depends on exactly when the collision occurred and how much Theia had cooled.

As Theia smashed into Earth, it was utterly destroyed. While much of what was left of Theia's shattered iron core sank into the Earth, a large ring of debris wrapped around Earth to form the moon.

The main effect of the temperature being warmer in the outer few hundred miles of Theia was that it would have affected its ability to deform upon impact and absorb the momentum of the collision. This, in turn, would have affected how debris was strewn around Earth to form the moon. Therefore, by including varying temperatures and material strengths in the simulations, Denton's team was able to get a better look at how the collision and the resulting formation of our moon played out.

Previous simulations have shown two possible scenarios. One is that the ring of debris hung around for a substantial amount of time, allowing the moon to accrete from it gradually. The other scenario, first depicted in NASA-led simulations in 2022, implies that the moon came together from this debris in a matter of hours.

Now, Denton's models potentially bolster this startling possibility.

If Theia was colder, meaning that the impact occurred a little later in the history of the solar system, perhaps 100 to 150 million years after the birth of the planets, then the ring of debris would have formed in such a way as to allow the moon to accrete gradually. And because it was stronger, more of Theia would have survived intact to merge with Earth.

On the other hand, a warmer Theia that impacted Earth less than 60 million years after the planets' formation, would create a scenario where the moon could form very quickly while Theia itself would be obliterated.

"Depending on how hot the Earth and Theia are prior to the collision, the impact can destroy Theia and produce this massive disk of debris that eventually forms the moon," said Denton. "But when I used the same parameters as original impact modeling – down to the equal temperature structures inside both bodies — within around five hours, an intact moon emerged."

That would have been quite a day in the history of our planet, acquiring a new moon and an almighty headache all at once.

"These surprising and exciting new results imply a potential connection between the physical properties of the moon today, including perhaps its volatile content, and the thermal state of the Earth and Theia at the time of the giant impact," said the Southwest Research Institute's Robin Canup, who was not involved in this study. "This in turn might help scientists better constrain when the moon-forming event occurred."

In both scenarios, the moon appears to be made mostly from Theia's mantle material, with just a little bit of Earth's mantle mixed in. This latter finding is surprising, given the similarities between the moon's composition and Earth's mantle. However, research has shown that there's clearly more to the story because despite the similarities there are also some puzzling differences in the levels of isotopes that cannot be easily explained by current simulations, including Denton's.

The simulations could have repercussions in the search for exomoons. If the moon did form in a matter of hours, then searching for exomoon-forming disks around terrestrial exoplanets might be a fruitless endeavor because such disks would be so short-lived. Moon-forming disks around gas giant exoplanets would be a different matter, however, because those disks do not form from impacts, but rather from material leftover from assembling those planets.

The results were published on Sept. 1 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

On this day in space! Sept. 7, 1995: NASA launches its 100th astronaut flight on space shuttle Endeavour's STS-69 mission

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 09:47:05 -0500

On Sept. 7, 1995, the space shuttle Endeavour launched on mission STS-69. This was the 100th successful crew spaceflight mission for NASA.

Endeavour lifted off from NASA's historic Pad 39A launch site at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. During the 11-day mission, five crewmembers did science experiments, deployed and retrieved a satellite called Spartan 201, and conducted a nearly seven-hour-long spacewalk to practice methods future astronauts would use to build the International Space Station.

The astronauts also deployed the Wake Shield Facility, a saucer-shaped satellite that flew free of the shuttle for several days. This was the first time two different payloads were retrieved and deployed during the same mission.

NASA's space shuttle Endeavour lifts off on the space agency's 100th astronaut flight on Sept. 7, 1995. (Image credit: NASA)

Why it mattered

The launch of STS-69 on space shuttle Endeavour was a milestone of sorts for NASA and U.S. space exploration. As the 100th crewed flight by NASA astronauts, it showed that flying humans in space was not a one-off or occasional feat.

The five-astronaut crew was commanded by David Walker, with Kenneth Cockrell as pilot. Astronaut Jim Voss served as payload commander (remember, this was the first time two different payloads would be deployed in space), with astronauts Jim Newman and Michael Gernhardt rounding out the team as mission specialists.

The saucer-shaped Wake Shield Facility moves away from space shuttle Endeavour after its initial deployment on STS-69.NASA

The five astronauts of NASA's 100th crewed mission, STS-69 on Endeavour: David M. Walker (right front) is mission commander; with Kenneth D. Cockrell (left front) scheduled to serve as pilot. On the back row are (left to right) Michael L. Gernhardt and James H. Newman, both mission specialists; and James S. Voss, payload commander.NASA

The Spartan 201-03 payload was an experiment designed to study the sun's outer atmosphere as it transitioned into solar wind. It was the third of four such Spartan 201 flights on a NASA space shuttle.

The Wake Shield Facility-2, meanwhile, was a sort of in-space factory. The saucer-shaped platform was actually a stainless steel disk designed to create an "ultravacuum environment" in space in order to grow thin films that could be used for new advanced electronics. The disk was actually deployed twice during the 11-day mission and successfully grew four thin films of seven planned, while also performing an electrical field experiment for the U.S. Air Force on its second deployment.

The one spacewalk of the mission was performed by astronauts Voss and Gernhardt, who spent 6 hours and 46 minutes working outside Endeavour to test new thermal upgrades to NASA's extravehicular activity (or EVA) suits, as well as new tools and techniques to build the then nascent International Space Station.

There was one space oddity on this STS-69 mission, according to NASA. The crew was NASA's second "dog crew," or Dog Crew II, with each of the astronauts adopting a dog nickname.

"Walker was Red Dog; Cockrell was Cujo; Voss, Dog Face; Newman, Pluto; and Gernhardt, Under Dog," NASA said in an overview.

Want more space history? Check out our full On This Day In Space Story archive and watch our On This Day In Space videos on YouTube.

Galaxies tangled in science and spirit | Space photo of the day for Sept. 7, 2026

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 09:00:00 -0500

Nā 'Uhane Māhoe Huki Pū i ke Ola is the Hawaiian name given to this image of NGC 7253 — a pair of spiral galaxies caught in each other's gravity. This image was captured by the Gemini North telescope on Maunakea. (Image credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA)

It is nearly impossible to fathom the entirety of a single galaxy — these realms can span hundreds of thousands of light-years, and sometimes are even millions of light-years across. So imagine the grandeur of now one but two galaxies tangled together, in the process of merging into one. That's what you're seeing in today's featured image.

What is it?

The merging galaxies shown above were discovered by a group of students using the Gemini North Telescope, located on the Maunakea volcano in Hawaii — a very popular and often controversial location for ground-based telescopes. The students hailed from two local institutions, Waiākea High School and the Volcano School of Arts and Sciences, and had access to the telescope with the Project Hōkūlani internship.

They named their discovery Nā 'Uhane Māhoe Huki Pū i ke Ola, which translates to "The Twin Spirits Pulling Together Creating Life."

"'Uhane (spirit) was an important theme for our group. Our experiences throughout the week — 'oli (stargazing), visiting the summit and learning about the awesome scientific discoveries made possible by Maunakea — ignited our own spirits as we prepare for life after high school," Samantha Silva-Sampaio, one of the students, said in a statement.

The students also explain how the rest of the name fits in with their time at Gemini North. "Huki Pū," they say, has to do with the physical aspect of the two galaxies being pulled together, just like communities coming together to enable the discovery as a whole. And "i ke Ola" is meant to show that life can be created from interacting galaxies because this process gives rise to star birth, and hopefully we'll find a star besides the sun one day that hosts life on a world around it.

Why is it incredible?

The galaxy merger depicted in the image is formally known as NGC 7253 and is located around 200 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Pegasus. This region is also known as the Hawaiian constellation Ka Lupe o Kawelo.

What's especially spectacular about the image we see above is how sharply defined both galaxies appear during their gravitational interaction. It is also a treat to be able to live in a time when we can view an event happening so utterly far away with this much detail.

Galaxy mergers aren't a new thing, though. They occur all across the universe, and indeed even the Milky Way and our neighboring galaxy Andromeda are expected to collide (or maybe not?) at some point in the future. But not to fear — though it may not seem it from this image, within every galaxy is, well, a lot of space. So much so that it'd be surprising for anything in the colliding galaxies to actually smash together.

What does happen, however, is enchanting. All the interstellar gas and dust from both galaxies join together and lead to a spike in star formation. This means a ton of beautiful sparkles should decorate the final product of NGC 7253.

"'Uhane in this image reminds us that astronomy is not just science or spirit; it's both at the same time," Manu Silva-Sampaio, another one of the student discoverers, said in the statement.

The future of Earth observation: Private satellites and AI bring benefits but also pose risks

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 08:00:00 -0500

We are a planet-based species: With a few notable (astronaut) exceptions, everyone who has ever lived remained glued to our spinning Earth, which now houses 8.3 billion people.

That's the gravity of the situation. But we're also a world of floods, typhoons, earthquakes, heat and cold calamities, volcanic eruptions and even encounters with sun-caused auroras and bruises from incoming asteroids.

It's quite a world worth watching — and for decades that's what spacecraft have been doing. But what do they view and who's on the other end of the space-based telescopes capturing our daily doings, faults and all, down here on terra firma?

The U.S. government's Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) satellite captured its first view of the entire sunlit side of Earth from one million miles away on July 6, 2015. (Image credit: NASA)

Privacy, security and trust

Recently, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), a group based in Paris, published a report on the expanding access to satellite Earth-observation data, spotlighting what it means for privacy, security and trust.

"Advances in optical systems, photonics, cloud computing and artificial intelligence [AI] have democratized both the quality and accessibility of satellite data. However, this convergence of technologies also carries risks, including for national security and privacy," states the report, which was authored by the OECD's Marit Undseth and Claire Jolly.

Broadening access to advanced satellite data also creates new challenges, states the report, such as one of the key characteristics of Earth observation — its dual-use nature. "The same satellites used to track illegal fishing can often also detect military troop movements," the authors write.

Illustration of a USGS-NASA Landsat remote-sensing satellite studying Earth. Government satellites the Landsat line were once the only craft doing such work. (Image credit: NASA)

New concerns

The OCED report notes that Earth-observation data and the technological convergence with artificial intelligence raise new concerns about national security, privacy and the ethical use of these data.

In fact, the report points to the growing hazard of fake or incorrectly used satellite imagery. "As part of the growing trend of digital disinformation, the trust in satellite data can be eroded by fake, misinterpreted or intentionally misrepresented imagery," it states.

Space.com asked leading remote-sensing specialists what's being done, what's being learned and what we should worry about.

Sovereignty and cost efficiency

Viktor Stoyanov is the chief operating officer of Smart Solutions at Space42, where he oversees the business unit's operational and financial performance.

Space42 is a United Arab Emirates-based space technology company that integrates satellite communications, geospatial analytics and AI capabilities. The group runs the Foresight Earth Observation constellation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites.

Space.com asked Stoyanov about the growing international use of remote-sensing data.

"Governments increasingly expect Earth-observation systems to deliver both sovereignty and cost efficiency, two goals that were long seen as mutually exclusive, as sovereignty typically meant heavy in-country investment in duplicative research and development and capital infrastructure," he responded.

Dual use

Stoyanov said Space42's focus is to combine those two outcomes.

"We believe that can only be achieved through international cooperation. Our Foresight constellation reflects this model, as the first sovereign dual-use synthetic aperture radar constellation in the region," Stoyanov said.

The satellites were manufactured in partnership with ICEYE in Finland, with critical integration and testing completed in the organization's facility in Abu Dhabi.

"The Abu Dhabi facility was built in cost-cautious and scalable manner, so that it can satisfy current sovereignty requirements commensurate with the constellation size, with the ability to expand the facility and meet demand of future programs," Stoyanov said.

Through cloud, dust and darkness

What new in-orbit technologies are being applied to Earth observation?

"The biggest shift in recent years has been the move from few, large, general-purpose platforms to constellations of small, specialized satellites and synthetic aperture radar," said Stoyanov.

"SAR satellites image through cloud, dust and darkness, which matters enormously for our region and for any customer who needs consistency regardless of timing and weather," he added.

Looking ahead, Stoyanov said that the short lifespan of satellites in low Earth orbit is an opportunity to ensure that each replenishment cycle becomes an upgrade cycle.

"As we plan to maintain and expand our fleet, we will continuously seek to deploy technical improvements across various performance metrics of the system — resolution, latency, satellite life, for example," said Stoyanov.

Artificial intelligence

A SAR constellation generates far more imagery than analysts can review manually within the allocated time, Stoyanov said. So the value lies in what can be extracted from it, not in the pixels themselves.

AI is therefore becoming increasingly important as a sorting tool for remote-sensing data, Stoyanov said. It is now the only practical way to work, for three reasons: volume, speed and accuracy.

Customers responding to a flood, a maritime incident or a supply-chain disruption need an answer in minutes, not a report next week — "decision-grade intelligence within minutes," explained Stoyanov.

On the topic of accuracy, while trained analysts are excellent at interpretation and large-object classification — like buildings and sea vessels — there are changes that the eye can easily miss. "Algorithms comparing each new pass against the historical baseline — they catch those consistently, without fatigue," said Stoyanov.

A SkySat Earth-observation satellite operated by the California company Planet spotted the wreckage of a failed launch out of Iran's Imam Khomeini Space Center on Aug. 29, 2019. (Image credit: Planet Labs, Inc.)

Hybrid model

Francis Doumet is the CEO and co-founder of Metaspectral, a company based in Vancouver, British Columbia, that builds AI technology to rapidly analyze hyperspectral imagery.

Doumet views collaboration between different national space agencies as "extensive and, somewhat uniquely, very open." Missions are frequently carried out through "shared funding, instruments, expertise and ground infrastructure," he said, with the resulting scientific data made available internationally.

Commercial imagery is less openly distributed because it is commercially licensed and may have security implications, Doumet said, but it is increasingly enabling international cooperation in the defense sector.

For example, the U.S. Space Force's Tactical Surveillance, Reconnaissance and Tracking (TacSRT) program combines commercial satellite imagery and analytics from American companies and allied nations to rapidly respond to operational requests, Doumet said.

"This has shaped the Earth-observation sector into a hybrid model," said Doumet. Governments and allies share requirements and intelligence, he explained, while commercial operators supply imagery and analytics "at a speed and scale that would be difficult or impossible for a single nation to produce alone."

Artist's illustration of Planet's Pelican-2 Earth-observing satellite in orbit. (Image credit: Planet Labs PBC)

Hyperspectral sensors

The improvement in the spatial resolution of hyperspectral sensors is an important advance in Earth observation, Doumet pointed out.

Better sensors, high-speed compression and improved communications, such as optical links, are now narrowing a "resolution gap." Onboard AI is equally transformative, he added.

"Satellites can analyze imagery in real time, identify relevant signatures and transmit alerts or compact intelligence products instead of waiting to download an entire hyperspectral data cube," Doumet explained.

Spectral fingerprints

Angie Crews is a principal research associate with the University of Colorado, Boulder's Center for National Security Initiatives.

"There has been a tremendous growth in the commercial remote-sensing industry," Crews told Space.com, noting that this field had previously been government-based. "It's now possible for these commercial companies to deploy entire constellations of Earth-observing satellites, which fundamentally changes the architecture in place."

Crews pointed to the hyperspectral nature of Earth remote sensing — taking the "spectral fingerprints" of what's occurring on Earth.

"It's impressive how the industry is moving forward with some of these capabilities," she said.

Balancing act

"There are some tremendous benefits as well as some things that we need to think about" when it comes to the new direction that Earth observation is taking, Crews said. Remote-sensing data can be inherently dual use, she added.

"Overall, I think we're seeing some enormous benefits from our increasingly capable commercial remote-sensing systems. But it does raise some security and governance questions," said Crews.

It's a balancing act to manage, according to Crews. How best to secure the information for national security purposes versus not putting the squeeze on innovation exhibited by the private Earth-observation firms?

Meaningful information

Shifting to her teaching role at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Crews told Space.com that one of the things that's especially important is to train students in the remote-sensing field to think beyond any single sensor or dataset.

"The next generation needs to understand how different sensing technologies work and also how to work with very large datasets and extract meaningful information using AI and machine learning," Crews said.

"We also need to train the students on critical thinking and ensure they are aware of the limitations of AI. The underlying physics need to be understood and the results need to be validated so that the students use and interpret the results appropriately," she concluded.

Cheaper than Prime Day, this super-portable, beginner-friendly telescope is my number one choice for skywatching

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 06:00:00 -0500

I've got three telescopes in my home, but the Celestron FirstScope is my first stop when it comes to stargazing. Now this super-portable, beginner-friendly tabletop scope is $60 at Amazon, even cheaper than Prime Day!

Save 20% on this moon-themed Celestron Firstscope at Amazon

What makes the Celestron FirstScope so fantastic? It's all down to ease of use and portability. There's next to no assembly and once you've unboxed it, you can pick it up in one hand and head outside.

Save $15 on this moon-themed Celestron Firstscope which, with 76mm aperture and tabletop mount, is ideal for quick stargazing sessions as well as introducing children to a new hobby. View Deal

We've got you covered with reviews and rankings of the best telescopes, binoculars, star projectors, cameras, drones, Lego, streaming and more.

The Celestron Firstscope is a small but perfectly formed scope, great for a quick spot of skywatching. (Image credit: Celestron)

Even though I've got two bigger telescopes in my home, a Skyatcher Classic 200P and a Bresser Solarix 114/500, I wouldn't dream of parting with my Celestron FirstScope. This tabletop scope is so easy to use and so portable, you can just grab it, head outside and get stargazing.

No fuss, no mess, no scraping the door frame because folding the tripod down seems like too much work. It's also small enough that you can sling it in a backpack, ideal for hopping on your bike and pedalling away from light pollution.

It comes with 20mm and 4mm eyepieces, but you can also trade up to any of the best eyepieces. As a tabletop telescope you'll need to find something to rest it on but a wall or even a trash can will do. And if you're a beginner, or buying for children, you'll be delighted with how the FirstScope performs. We think it's the best tabletop telescope for kids.

And, despite its size, it offers respectable views of the night sky. Testing the scope for our Celestron FirstScope review, expert Gemma Lavender was able to view Jupiter, Venus, Saturn and the moon as well as the Pleiades. It may not be one of the best telescopes for deep space, but if you're new to stargazing, you'll find plenty to wow you.

The lack of a finderscope is slightly disappointing but you can purchase one separately and, even without one, this is an impressively capable telescope, at a price that won't break the bank. It really is that simple. Want to watch Saturn at opposition this Oct. 4? Grab your FirstScope, perch it on a table or wall, and home in on this ringed planet. It's excellent for moonwatching too, especially if you're short on time. We think this is the best tabletop telescope for kids and beginners will love it too.

Key features: Newtonian reflector with Dobsonian mount, 2.99-in (76mm) aperture, 11.81in (300mm) focal length, 20mm and 4mm eyepieces.

Product launched: March 2009

Price history: This is even cheaper than Prime Day, when the Celestron FirstScope dropped to $70.

Price comparison: Amazon: $64 | Walmart: $75

Reviews consensus: Reviewing the Celestron Firstscope, we awarded it four stars, saying "It exudes portability, ease of use and a price that's not going to break the bank." That sentiment still stands and its Amazon reviews are just as positive. At this price, it's a steal.

Space: ★★★★

Featured in guides: Best tabletop telescopes, best telescopes for kids

✅ Buy it if: You're a beginner, are buying for children or want a quick grab-and-go telescope

❌ Don't buy it if: You want to gaze into deep space. The FirstScope can see some star clusters but it's best used to view our own solar system.

Check out our other guides to the best telescopes, binoculars, cameras, star projectors, drones, Lego and much more.

Labor Day in space: NASA astronauts get the holiday off

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 05:00:00 -0500

Like most of their compatriots here on terra firma, the three Americans living off Earth will get to put their feet up today (Sept. 7).

NASA astronauts Jack Hathaway, Jessica Meir and Anil Menon will get Labor Day off aboard the International Space Station (ISS), the agency said on Friday (Sept. 4). European Space Agency astronaut Sophie Adenot, the first French woman ever to perform a spacewalk, will also be off duty.

However, the three Russian cosmonauts living on the ISS will have to clock in as usual.

NASA astronaut Jessica Meir (left) and the European Space Agency's Sophie Adenot work together inside the International Space Station’s Quest airlock during spacesuit fit and leak checks. (Image credit: NASA)

The trio — Pyotr Dubrov, Andrey Fedyaev and Anna Kikina — "will be busy monitoring the Progress 94 resupply spacecraft when it undocks on Monday, packed with trash and obsolete gear, from the Poisk module," NASA officials said in an update on Friday.

"It will be replaced by the Progress 96 resupply spacecraft after it launches from Kazakhstan's Baikonur Cosmodrome on Sept. 9 for an automated docking two days later to Poisk’s vacated port," they added.

Adenot, Feyaev, Hathaway and Meir arrived at the ISS in mid-February on SpaceX's Crew-12 mission. Dubrov, Kikina and Menon are relative newcomers, reaching the station aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft on July 14.

NASA astronauts on long-duration missions to the ISS generally work a relatively normal schedule, getting weekends and major holidays off. Such downtime is crucial to mission success, as it helps the spaceflyers stay happy, healthy and productive.

They may not be able to mark the holidays in exactly the same ways we do here on Earth, however. For example, the astronauts won't be grilling any hamburgers or hot dogs today, as open flames are verboten on the ISS.

As today's schedule shows, international crewmates do not always have the same days off in orbit. But they try to celebrate major holidays like Christmas together, both to cement the bonds that exist between them and to take the sting out of being so far away from family and friends.

On this day in space! Sept. 6, 1947: The US Navy launches 1st V-2 rocket at sea in ballistic missile test

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 11:23:04 -0500

On Sept. 6, 1947, a rocket launched from an aircraft carrier for the first time. The V-2 rocket was captured from a German manufacturing site by the Allied forces at the end of World War II.

V-2s were the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile. They were designed by German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, a famous aerospace engineer, invented them for Nazi Germany before he was secretly moved to the U.S. and started working for NASA. Von Braun and the seized V-2 missile parts were brought to the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, where the scientists assembled the parts and began experimenting with launches.

The first V-2 to launch at sea blasted off from a U.S. Navy ship called the USS Midway in a mission titled "Operation Sandy." The aircraft carrier sailed a few hundred miles south of Bermuda for the launch. After liftoff, the V-2 started tilting midair and only made it to an altitude of 15,000 feet (4,600 meters) before falling back to Earth.

A V-2 rocket ignites its engine on the deck of the USS Midway during the U.S. Navy's first ballistic missile test on Sept. 6, 1947. (Image credit: USS Midway Museum)

Why it mattered

Rockets may be great for space exploration, but the technology's roots are firmly embedded in military applications, with the V-2 rocket standing out as a clear example.

The rocket was designed as a military weapon first and foremost, and it was U.S. military's push to secure such tech that led to Operation: Paperclip, which secreted Von Braun and many other German aerospace scientists out of Germany at the end of World War II.

Operation: Sandy marked the first ballistic missile launch by the U.S. Navy, but today the such missiles are a standard part of the arsenal of some ships. That all started with the 1947 test flight. It also marked a step forward in U.S. missile technology, which would later evolve into orbital rockets just over a decade later.

While the V-2 rocket that launched from the USS Midway veered off course and began to break apart at an alttude of about 12,000 feet, according to MidwayCurrents.org, it did prove the concept of a missile launch at sea.

Want more space history? Check out our full On This Day In Space Story archive and watch our On This Day In Space videos on YouTube.

SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launches 27 Starlink satellites, lands on ship at sea (video)

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 10:54:11 -0500

SpaceX launched 27 more of its Starlink internet satellites to orbit today (Sept. 6).

The spacecraft rode to low Earth orbit (LEO) atop a Falcon 9 rocket, which lifted off from California's Vandenberg Space Force Base at 10:26 a.m. EDT (1426 GMT; 7:26 a.m. local California time). The Falcon 9 rose into blue morning skies, which was something of a rarity; Vandenberg, and other areas of California's central coast, are often cloaked in fog.

The Falcon 9's first stage came back to Earth as planned 8.5 minutes later, landing in the Pacific Ocean on the SpaceX drone ship "Of Course I Still Love You."

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launches 27 Starlink satellites into orbit from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California on Sept. 6, 2026. (Image credit: SpaceX)

It was the 19th flight for this particular booster, which is designated B1088. This marks about the halfway point to the SpaceX record of 37 flights, which was set by B1067 during a Starlink launch on Aug. 25.

The Falcon 9's upper stage, meanwhile, carried the 27 Starlink satellites to LEO, deploying them on schedule 62 minutes after launch.

SpaceX's sooty Falcon 9 rocket first stage on the drone ship Of Course I Still Love You in the Pacific Ocean after a successful launch and landing on Sept. 6, 2026. (Image credit: SpaceX)

Previous Booster 1088 launches

NROL-126 | Transporter-12 | SPHEREx | NROL-57 | 13 Starlink missions

Today's launch was the 103rd Falcon 9 mission of 2026. Eighty of those flights have been dedicated to building out the Starlink megaconstellation, by far the largest satellite network ever assembled. It currently consists of more than 11,000 active spacecraft, according to astronomer and satellite tracker Jonathan McDowell.

Starlink missions fly exclusively out of Vandenberg these days. SpaceX used to launch them from Florida as well, but the company recently put those missions on hold until it gets its Starship megarocket up and running on the Space Coast.

SpaceX will rely on Starship to launch its next-gen Starlink V3 satellites, which are bigger and more capable than the current V2. The company wants to assemble a network of about 100,000 Starlink V3s in LEO, Elon Musk has said.

Feel the Force with these 10 out-of-this-world Lego Star Wars starships

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 10:00:00 -0500

Star Wars' starships are almost as memorable the saga's character and thanks to Lego's Star Wars range, you can build your own replicas of these iconic craft. We've rounded up the very best, from a palm-sized version of Darth Vader's Tie Fighter to a massive, table-hogging Star Wars Clone Wars-era Venator Star Destroyer.

While several of these sets are display pieces, we've included some play-friendly models, such as this mid-sized Lego Star Wars Millennium Falcon that can be swooshed around your living room and this Lego Star Wars Imperial Star Destroyer which, with seven mini-figures and removable roof, will delight younger Star Wars fans.

Read on and build the largest fleet the galaxy has ever known.

Lego

Star Wars UCS Millennium Falcon

Lego

Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith Arc-170 Starfighter

Lego

Star Wars Venator-Class Republic Attack Cruiser

Lego

Star Wars Imperial Star Destroyer

Lego

Star Wars Ultimate Collector Series X-Wing Starfighter

Lego

Star Wars Millennium Falcon 25th Anniversary

Lego

Star Wars the Mandalorian's N-1 Starfighter

Lego

Star Wars Jango Fett’s Firespray-Class Starship

Lego

Star Wars Smart Play: Luke’s Red Five X-Wing

Lego

Star Wars Smart Play: Darth Vader’s Tie Fighter

NASA expands Deep Space Network with giant new dish in California desert

Sun, 06 Sep 2026 05:00:00 -0500

NASA's long-distance spacecraft-calling network just got a boost.

The Deep Space Network (DSN), best known for communicating with distant spacecraft such as Voyager 1, Voyager 2 and New Horizons, added a 114-foot (34-meter) radio-frequency antenna in California, boosting capacity on the increasingly crowded network.

More than 40 spacecraft exploring the solar system and interstellar space use DSN, which has struggled to keep pace with growing demand. Communications with the uncrewed Artemis 1 mission in 2022 and the crewed Artemis 2 mission in 2026 took priority as they traveled around the moon, substantially reducing the network's capacity to support other missions.

At least as early as 2021, managers were warning that despite ongoing efforts to add new antennas to DSN, the agency cannot reach all deep-space missions at once.

"We're trying to add capacity and more antennas, but we can't keep up with the demand that's currently out there, so missions should expect to be getting less availability," Brad Arnold, DSN manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), said during a presentation attended by Space News. Arnold also warned that the Artemis moon program would be "the gorilla in the room," because the astronauts by default have to be prioritized over robotic spacecraft: "That ultimately will affect our ability to service the rest of the missions."

That's because the DSN is designed to serve both human and robotic deep-space spacecraft. While JPL (then under contract to the U.S. Army) had three spacecraft radio-tracking stations in Nigeria, Singapore, and California ready for the early space program in 1958, the DSN with more powerful dishes was established in December 1963 as "the de facto network for missions into deep space," state JPL materials from the 50th anniversary celebration in 2013.

The recently completed Deep Space Station 23 at the Deep Space Network's Goldstone complex near Barstow, California. (Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)

The DSN helped relay communications from Apollo 11's historic moonwalk by NASA astronaut Neil Armstrong's on July 20, 1969, and has since supported countless milestones. This includes images from Mars rovers starting in the 1990s and data showing that both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 crossed into interstellar space in the 2010s.

These days, Artemis isn't the only extra demand on DSN; other space agencies also use the network for their own spacecraft, to a much greater degree than 50 years ago as space exploration has matured. NASA is also planning a permanent Moon Base near the lunar south pole as soon as the 2030s, although the agency does promise the base will, in its third phase, include "a coordinated lunar network supporting communications across Moon Base assets."

The DSN operates three complexes — at Goldstone in California, near Madrid in Spain and Canberra in Australia — each of which includes a large 230-ft (70m) antenna alongside several smaller dishes. The new antenna is about half that size and is co-located at Goldstone. It came online on Aug. 3, tracking NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory.

DSS-23 is the fifth of six new 34-meter antennas planned under the DSN's Aperture Enhancement Project, which began in 2009. The project is expected to be completed when the sixth antenna, DSS-33, comes online at the Canberra complex in 2029.

The expansion has also taken longer and cost more than originally planned. A 2015 NASA Office of Inspector General report estimated the project at $362.4 million, but by the start of fiscal year 2023, expected costs had risen by 68% to $706 million and the project was nearly five years behind schedule. NASA now expects the final enhancement antenna to come online in 2029.

Venus is disappearing from the evening sky — here's how to see it while you can

Sat, 05 Sep 2026 10:00:00 -0500

Soon, the sky's most glamorous evening performer will take its leave.

Since late March, Venus has been the unmistakable "Evening Star," gleaming shortly after sunset and stealing attention from nearly everything else in the twilight. In June, it helped stage a striking three-planet lineup after sundown, outshining both Jupiter and Mercury.

Now the curtain is beginning to fall: Venus is sinking night by night and will trade its evening role for a morning one before October is over.

A familiar dance around the sun

Venus moves to a remarkably regular beat. Our nearest planetary neighbor circles the sun in an almost perfect path, completing 13 orbits in 8 Earth years. From Earth, that rhythm makes Venus appear to trace five great loops across the sky in the same span. It is a long cycle noticed by skywatchers — and important to the ancient Aztec and Mayan civilizations — and it gives each Venus year its own recognizable personality. In 2026, the pattern closely echoes 2018, differing by only about two days.

Key dates this month

Venus is about to blaze at peak brilliance, but this farewell performance comes with a challenge. All month long, the planet will slide lower in the southwest after sunset, shortening the window for a good view. If the horizon is clear and the weather cooperates, these are the evenings to circle on your skywatching calendar.

Sept. 7: On Labor Day, Venus sets about 1¼ hours after sunset.
Sept. 14: Look low in the west-southwest 30 to 45 minutes after sunset, when a waxing crescent moon appears around 5½ degrees to the left of Venus.
Sept. 18: Venus reaches greatest brilliancy, shining at a dazzling magnitude of
-4.8 near the horizon.
Late September: The planet slips quickly from view, setting just 35 minutes after sundown by month's end.

Venus shines near a waxing crescent moon very low in the southwestern sky, 45 minutes after sunset on Sept. 14. (Image credit: Starry Night Pro 8.0)

Why this farewell is so low-key

Ordinarily, the weeks between greatest elongation and greatest brilliancy are prime time for Venus watchers. Not this year. For evening observers, this apparition has been more frustrating than triumphant, with Venus lingering low in the glow of twilight instead of climbing into a commanding position.

The best views came back in June, when Venus lingered until around 11 p.m. Since then, it has been ducking out earlier each night. By Aug. 15, the evening of greatest elongation — when Venus reached its greatest apparent distance east of the sun — it was already setting just as evening twilight faded.

For observers at mid-northern latitudes, the finale is especially low to the horizon. Around 40 degrees north latitude, Venus will stand only about 5½ degrees above the southwest horizon at sunset by the end of September. That is barely more than half the width of your clenched fist held at arm's length — a beautiful but fleeting target in the fading light.

A crescent world in the twilight

Through a telescope, Venus now shows one of its most striking faces: a narrowing crescent. As its sunlit side turns farther away from Earth, that crescent grows thinner and longer, becoming a delicate arc of brilliant light. With very steady binoculars, you may even glimpse the shape during the next couple of weeks, though the planet's low altitude will make the view shimmer and blur.

Set of images taken in 2004 show the phases and relative size of Venus as seen from Earth as it moves around the Sun. (Image credit: Photograph by Jamie Cooper. (Photo by SSPL/Getty Images))

The morning star returns

By the end of the first week of October, Venus will have slipped from the evening sky altogether. It reaches inferior conjunction on Oct. 24, passing about 6 degrees south of the sun. Around that time, spotting it on nearby evenings or mornings will be extremely difficult.

But Venus never stays away for long. In November, it reappears before dawn, opening a brilliant new morning apparition. By the winter holidays, it will shine high in the eastern sky as a fitting "Christmas Star," rising more than two hours before daybreak — and nearly four hours before the sun.

This Lego Star Wars UCS AT-ST set is cheaper than ever — I'll always love this chicken walker

Sat, 05 Sep 2026 09:00:00 -0500

You can keep your space camels, the AT-ST is Star Wars' coolest land vehicle, and now this Lego Star Wars Ultimate Collector Series AT-ST is $39 off at Amazon, the cheapest this set has ever been.

Save $39 on this Lego Star Wars UCS AT-ST at Amazon.

Like the rest of Lego's Star Wars Ultimate Collector Series, this Lego Star Wars AT-ST is a seriously detailed model. It has some interactive features, including rotating guns and an opening hatch, but at 14.5 inches tall, this is very much a display model. Want to expand your collection further? We've also rounded up the Best Lego Star Wars sets.

Star Wars AT-ST Walker: was $200 now $161
Save $39 on this Lego Star Wars UCS AT-ST set, sure to look absolutely stunning on any shelf or table. Launching just last year, this buildable model has never been cheaper.

NOTE: Make sure you tick the coupon box to get it at this price. View Deal

Check out our rankings of the best telescopes, binoculars, star projectors, cameras, drones, Lego, streaming and more.

This Lego Star Wars UCS AT-ST does have some interactive features but it's not intended for play. (Image credit: Lego)

What's not to love about Star Wars' AT-ST? First glimpsed in The Empire Strikes Back and heavily featured in Return of the Jedi are typical of the Empire; designed to instil fear, but laughably impractical. I can just imagine the Emperor laughing.. "Yes.. yes.... more like a chicken!" as his engineering team roll their eyes. And now, thanks to Lego, you can own this super-detailed Lego Star Wars Ultimate Collector Series AT-ST.

Made up of 1,513 pieces, it's for builders aged 18+ or over. It comes with an information plaque and a minifigure of an AT-ST driver. It is designed to be fun to build as well as looking striking as a display piece. It does include an AT-ST pilot minifigure but at 14.5 inches tall, it's much bigger than minifigure scale, which is why he'll stay perched next to the plaque.

It's posable to a degree; you can move the cockpit and peek inside it, but the legs are fixed; this is not a play-friendly set. If you're buying for children, consider instead this Lego Star Wars Smart Play Attack on Endor set. Yes, the AT-ST is a hilariously impractical vehicle, easily foiled by a gang of teddy bears, but that's half of its appeal.

Key features: 1,513 pieces, 14.5 × 8.5 × 8.5 in. / 37 × 22 × 22 cm, builders aged 18 or over.

Product launched: August 2025

Price history: Launched last year, this is the cheapest this set has ever been.

Price comparison: Amazon: $161 | Lego: $200 | Target: $172

Reviews consensus: The reviews from Lego and Amazon purchasers are almost universally positive, with people praising how fun it is to build and how fantastic it looks when finished.

✅ Buy it if: You want to build a stunning, detailed display model of Return of the Jedi's iconic vehicle.

❌ Don't buy it if: You want a playset. Despite the minifigure, this is purely a display model.

Watch Isar Aerospace try to make history today with launch from Norway

Sat, 05 Sep 2026 09:00:00 -0500

No rocket has ever reached orbit from European soil — but that could change today.

The German company Isar Aerospace plans to launch its Spectrum rocket from Andøya Space Center in northern Norway today (Sept. 5), during a window that opens at 4 p.m. EDT (2000 GMT; 10 p.m. local time in Norway).

You can watch the historic attempt live here at Space.com, courtesy of Isar, or directly via the company. Coverage will begin at 3 p.m. EDT (1900 GMT).

Isar Aerospace's Spectrum rocket on the pad at Andøya Space Center in Norway ahead of its second-ever flight. (Image credit: Isar Aerospace via X)

This will be Spectrum's second bite at the apple: The two-stage, 95-foot-tall (28-meter-tall) rocket first flew in March 2025, lifting off from Andøya on a flight Isar called "Going Full Spectrum." But, as often happens on debut missions, Spectrum suffered an anomaly that day; it came crashing back to Earth less than a minute after launch.

"A comprehensive investigation was completed within two months of the launch," Isar wrote in a September 2025 update. "The findings identified an unintended opening of the vent valve and a loss of attitude control at the start of the roll maneuver as the initiating events that led to the in-flight failure."

The company took the lessons learned from that anomaly and geared up for flight number two, "Onward and Upward," which was originally supposed to launch in January.

An issue with a pressurization valve nixed that plan, however, pushing the flight to March. Bad weather and an intruding boat scuttled multiple attempts that month, and an April 9 try was scrubbed due to a leak in a composite overwrapped pressure vessel.

Isar next tried to fly on June 15 but stood down after "detecting off-nominal behavior in the vehicle's fluid systems," according to a company update that day on X. That issue is apparently now under control, as Spectrum is back on the pad and ready to fly.

Spectrum did not carry viable payloads on its debut flight, but it will do so today. Five cubesats and one non-deployable scientific experiment are flying on "Onward and Upward."

Isar is thinking big with Spectrum, which can haul about 2,200 pounds (1,000 kilograms) of payload to low Earth orbit. The company sees the rocket becoming a workhorse launcher of small to medium-size satellites down the road, and its infrastructure supports that vision. Isar says its manufacturing facility near Munich can churn out more than 30 of the rockets per year.

Spectrum flying operationally, and flying often, would be a welcome development for the European spaceflight community.

"These are exciting times for European space transportation, as we witness new actors developing and launching new vehicles," Toni Tolker-Nielsen, director of space transportation at the European Space Agency, said in a March 2026 statement.

"Regardless of the outcome of this second flight, it will be another step to make European launch services market more diverse and resilient," he added. "Isar Aerospace will have advanced its capabilities and gained valuable experience."

Private German rocket makes history, reaches orbit from European soil

Sat, 05 Sep 2026 09:00:00 -0500

No rocket had ever reached orbit from European soil — until today

The German company Isar Aerospace launched its Spectrum rocket from Andøya Space Center in northern Norway today (Sept. 5) at 4:12 p.m. EDT (2012 GMT; 10:12 p.m. local time in Norway). A little over seven minutes later, it etched its name into the record books, settling into an elliptical orbit around our planet.

"This is right now making history — making history for Spectrum, making history for Isar, making history for Europe,” Nikolaos Perakis, Spectrum chief engineer at Isar, said during today's launch webcast, which the company produced in collaboration with NASASpaceflight. "I'm incredibly proud of this massive achievement."

The view from the second stage of Isar Aerospace's Spectrum rocket after it reached orbit on Sept. 5, 2026. (Image credit: Isar Aerospace/NASASpaceflight)

The company took the lessons learned from that anomaly and geared up for flight number two, "Onward and Upward," which was originally supposed to launch in January.

Spectrum did not carry viable payloads on its debut flight, but it will do so today. Five cubesats and one non-deployable scientific experiment are flying on "Onward and Upward."

Spectrum flying operationally, and flying often, would be a welcome development for the European spaceflight community.

This Week In Space podcast: Episode 226 — Who Owns The Moon?

Sat, 05 Sep 2026 08:30:52 -0500

On Episode 226 of This Week In Space, Rod Pyle and Tariq Malik are joined by Dr. Rainer Zitelmann to discuss the history of capitalism and how it applies to our future in space.

Capitalism — and a strong profit motivation — has driven enterprise for centuries. Two notable examples are the East India Company and the US transcontinental railroad, and the various tycoons who built it. In neither case, by today's standards, were the operations fair or ethical on a number of fronts. Can we do better in space?

Zitelmann joins us to discuss capitalism and the importance of extraterrestrial land ownership as an enabler of human expansion off-Earth. He's got a lot to say, and not all of it is what you might expect. Join us for this fascinating and informative look at one business case for newspace.

Download or subscribe to this show at: https://twit.tv/shows/this-week-in-space.

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Space news of the week

Model Falcon 9!

TOP TELESCOPE PICK:

(Image credit: Celestron)

Looking for a telescope to see planets and comets? We recommend the Celestron Astro Fi 102 as the top pick in our best beginner's telescope guide.

Finally, did you know you can launch your own SpaceX rocket? Model rocket maker Estes' stunning scale model of a Falcon 9 rocket that you can pick up now. The launchable model is a detailed recreation of the Falcon 9 and retails for $149.99. You can save 10% by using the code IN-COLLECTSPACE at checkout, courtesy of our partners collectSPACE.com.

About This Week In Space

This Week in Space covers the new space age. Every Friday we take a deep dive into a fascinating topic. What's happening with the new race to the moon and other planets? When will SpaceX really send people to Mars?

Join Rod Pyle and Tariq Malik from Space.com as they tackle those questions and more each week on Friday afternoons. You can subscribe today on your favorite podcatcher.

On this day in space! Sept. 5, 1977: NASA launches Voyager 1 on epic journey across the solar system

Sat, 05 Sep 2026 08:00:00 -0500

On Sept. 5, 1977, Voyager 1 began its epic journey through deep space with a glorious morning launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

Voyager 1 initially launched on a mission to explore the outer planets. After flying by Jupiter and Saturn in 1979 and 1980, the spacecraft took a sharp turn and started heading straight out of the solar system.

Voyager 1 became the first spacecraft to reach interstellar space in 2012, although scientists are still debating about exactly where that boundary lies.

The spacecraft's next big encounter will take place in about 40,000 years, when it will fly by another star system. And just in case it comes across any intelligent life out in the universe, it's carrying a golden record with sights, sounds and greetings from planet Earth.

Why it mattered

NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft launches from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Sept. 5, 1977. (Image credit: NASA/KSC)

Voyager 1 is a space exploration icon and NASA's ultimate long-lasting mission.

The spacecraft was part of a two spacecraft mission (Voyager 2 launched a few weeks earlier) to explore the outer solar system like never before. While Voyager 2 launched on a four-planet "Grand Tour" of the solar system, a trajectory that included flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, it wasn't the fastest of missions.

Voyager 1 launched on a fast-track to Jupiter. In fact, the probe actually overtook Voyager 2 on the way to Jupiter and arrived their first for a flyby in March 1979. A year later, in November 1980, Voyager 1 passed by Saturn in a flyby that shot it out of the solar system.

Voyager 1, launched in September 1977, is currently exploring the farthest edges of the solar system. (Image credit: NASA)

By Feb. 17, 1998, Voyager 1 grabbed the record as the farthest human-built object after it flew farther than Pioneer 10 and in 2012, the spacecraft became the first probe ever to enter interstellar space. It remains NASA's farthest flung mission still active today.

Today, Voyager 1 is 15.9 billion miles (171.6 astronomical units) from Earth and still flying. Even 49 years after launch, the spacecraft is still collecting some data, but its nuclear radioisotope thermoelectric generator does not produce as much power as it did at launch, so NASA teams have steadily shut down heaters and unneeded instruments over the decades.

Earlier this year, on April 17, NASA commanded Voyager 1 to shut down its low-energy charged particles experiment to save power. For nearly 50 years, the instrument has provided constant measurements on the ion, electron and cosmic ray environment in deep space.

Want more space history? Check out our full On This Day In Space Story archive and watch our On This Day In Space videos on YouTube.

This NASA-funded 'Slingshot' spacecraft idea could map minerals on planets and moons across our solar system

Sat, 05 Sep 2026 05:00:00 -0500

Nearby Earth, an iconic series of orbiting U.S. government satellites called Landsat have collectively been charting minerals and climate change for more than 50 years.

What if we can do the same thing in space? A new NASA early-stage project, whimsically named "Interworld Slingshot Resource Surveys", aims to bring "Landsat-style mineral intelligence" to other worlds, including the moon. NASA is aiming to put a moon base on the lunar surface in the 2030s that would be staffed by astronauts, as the U.S. tries to secure access to helium-3 and other minerals on the surface ahead of China. Being able to scout for minerals ahead of landing and setting up a base would be a huge boon for the United States' lunar ambitions.

The newly funded concept — which doesn't appear to have an official nickname or acronym, so we will call it "Slingshot" for short — isn't meant to address that big task all at once, but to be a Phase 1 study for a far-future Discovery-class (large) mission. The spacecraft could fly from world to world, scanning destinations such as the moon, an asteroid near Earth, or a target like the Mars moon Phobos, said principal investigator Pablo Sobron, a research scientist at the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute, in a statement.

"The thing most likely to stop space mining may be that we cannot afford to prove there is anything worth mining," Sobron said. "Land in the wrong place and you can lose an entire exploration program or a company, and nobody has enough money to keep sending spacecraft and hoping for the best."

The overall aim is to not only prove a spacecraft could make it that far, but also to see if Raman spectroscopy — which is commonly used close up to look for minerals or water by NASA's Perseverance mission on Mars, for example — could work from orbit or a flyby. The technique uses reflected light from a laser popped at a target to see the molecular structure of a mineral, which in turn reveals the mineral's composition.

"The main challenge for Interworld Slingshot Resource Surveys is the distance involved," SETI stated. "Raman scattering is very faint and hard to detect. The project team says that only about one photon in 10 trillion is Raman-scattered. Sobron's earlier long-distance Raman tests reached about 120 meters [393 feet]. This study is looking at whether useful measurements can be made from much farther away, around 30 to 50 kilometers [19 to 31 miles]."

The NASA-funded Interworld Slingshot Resource Surveys study is exploring whether a small spacecraft could survey the moon, a near-Earth asteroid and Phobos during a single mission using a single remote-sensing instrument. (Image credit: Pablo Sobron)

Slingshot received a Phase 1 grant from the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) program, which aims to prove out conceptual ideas into something that could be nudged into further development.

NIAC has funded dozens of grants over the years, but illustrating the difficulty of and long development cycles to bring things into space, not much has made it out of the atmosphere yet. A notable NIAC success story was SNAPPY, the Solar Neutrino Astro-Particle Physics CubeSat, which reached space earlier this year aboard SpaceX.

Slingshot will use the Phase 1 funding to study photons (particles of light) to be used and detected by the spectrometer, along with lasers, pointing, and spacecraft propulsion and orbits. The concept received up to $175,000 over nine months and next in line would be trying to receive more lucrative Phase 2 NIAC funding over two years.

Scientists detect signals of hydrogen from billions of years ago. Could this help us map out the universe?

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 16:00:00 -0500

Astronomers have used the MeerKAT radio telescope to detect hydrogen gas billions of light-years away from us — from a period when the cosmos was billions of years younger than its current age of 13.8 billion years.

The research may provide astronomers with a new way of mapping the large-scale structure of the universe. The technique would rely on charting out where hydrogen, the universe's lightest and most abundant element, is located across the cosmos. It's known as hydrogen intensity mapping.

Neutral hydrogen emits a faint radio signal that astronomers call the 21-centimeter line. As the cosmos expands under the influence of dark energy, the wavelength of this radio signal is stretched, or "redshifted." The extremity of the redshift allows astronomers to determine how long a particular signal has been travelling to us and thus what period of the universe the hydrogen that emitted it existed in.

Using the 21-centimeter line, hydrogen intensity mapping allows astronomers to trace radio emissions from hitherto unseen galaxies and build a 3D picture of the largest structures in the universe. Up until this point, however, this technique has relied on combining radio wave detection with observations from galactic surveys operating with visible light, or electromagnetic radiation our eyes have evolved to see.

This new research defies that trend, building a hydrogen intensity map using radio waves detected by the MeerKAT radio telescope, made up of 64 antennas in the Meerkat National Park in the Northern Cape of South Africa.

"This is a very exciting milestone," team leader Sourabh Paul said in a statement. "Hydrogen intensity mapping has long been seen as a promising way to map the universe efficiently, but the signal is extremely faint and difficult to isolate from foreground emission, human-made radio-frequency interference, and instrumental effects.

"Detecting it directly with MeerKAT shows that this technique is becoming a practical tool for cosmology."

Mapping with MeerKAT

The team behind this research analyzed around 96 hours of MeerKAT observations, finding signals from hydrogen dating back 4 billion to 5 billion years. This hydrogen spans distances of many million light-years, similar to the distance between the Milky Way and our neighbor galaxy, Andromeda.

The achievement represents a step forward in the usefulness of hydrogen mapping.

"Neutral hydrogen is one of the key ingredients for understanding how galaxies form and evolve," team member Zhaoting Chen of the University of Edinburgh said in the statement. "With intensity mapping, we do not need to detect every individual galaxy. Instead, we can measure the collective signal from hydrogen across large cosmic volumes, giving us a new way to study both galaxy evolution and the underlying matter distribution of the universe."

Future cosmological surveys could greatly benefit from the advancement of hydrogen mapping. This will be a major factor when the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO), currently under construction in the Murchison region of Western Australia and the Karoo region of South Africa.

An overhead view of South Africa's MeerKAT radio-telescope array. (Image credit: SKA South Africa)

"MeerKAT continues to open new windows for cosmology," team member Laura Wolz of the University of Manchester in the U.K. said in the statement. "The fact that this signal can be extracted from observations that were not originally designed for hydrogen intensity mapping is very encouraging. It shows the enormous scientific value of MeerKAT data and points the way to future observations with SKAO."

The team will now focus on collecting further observations with MeerKAT that cover larger areas of the sky over longer periods of time. This should provide astronomers with even more detailed hydrogen maps that could, in time, help understand how the largest structures in the cosmos took shape over the course of billions of years.

"This was a challenging data analysis process, requiring a detailed understanding of the many sources of contamination that can affect such a faint measurement," team member Mario G. Santos of the University of the Western Cape, Australia, said in the statement. "It is particularly remarkable that the data used in this study were taken in 2018, when MeerKAT had only just started science operations.

"There is now a rich trove of MeerKAT data waiting to be explored with this method."

The team's research was published in the July edition of The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Trekkies honor 'Star Trek's' 60th birthday with fan events, special screenings, and a world record Vulcan salute

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 14:00:00 -0500

Creator Gene Roddenberry's "Wagon Train To The Stars," has certainly lived long and prospered since "Star Trek" first launched on the NBC Television Network on Sept. 8, 1966 with the hour-long debut episode titled "The Man Trap."

Since then, this hopeful space fantasy franchise flourished and grew to encompass a total of 9 live-action series, 3 animated series, and 14 feature films across six decades, inspiring multiple generations with its adventurous spirit, enduring optimism, and thoughtful humanism.

Now, as its 60th anniversary approaches, Paramount and its crew of worldwide partners are celebrating the milestone occasion with global fan events, theatrical screenings, special TV programming, and even a voyage into orbit.

Here’s a short list of some of the more notable "Star Trek" festivities planned for Earth:

Firstly, limited-release restored 4K screenings of the initial four "Star Trek" feature films will blaze across the big screen at 750 AMC, Cinemark Alamo Drafthouse, and Regal Cinemas across the country from Sept. 4-8, perfectly paired with the "Star Trek: The Original Series" episodes they were inspired by.

Each of these monumental showings will offer limited-edition "Star Trek" Enterprise popcorn buckets and cool multi-colored anniversary drink cups at most participating theaters... until they're all gobbled up!

Special 4K "Star Trek" feature films will be matched with "The Original Series" TV episodes for the very first time (Image credit: Paramount)

On Sept. 7, "Entertainment Tonight" is broadcasting an "ET Vault Unlocked" episode showcasing archival interviews with Gene Roddenberry and cast luminaries from the franchise.

If you’re into game shows, both "The Price Is Right" and "Let’s Make a Deal" will air special "Star Trek" themed episodes Sept. 8 on CBS and Paramount+, including guest appearances by "Strange New Worlds"' Rebecca Romijn and Ethan Peck.

Not to be left out of the party, Nick at Nite delivers a marathon of "The Big Bang Theory's" most geeky “Star Trek” episodes that same day.

For fans across the pond, Trekkies can participate in a free live world record attempt on Sept. 8 at the Science Museum in London when loyal fans try to break the Guinness World Record for the most humans flashing the "Star Trek" Vulcan Salute at once!

In Tinsel Town, Gene Roddenberry’s Hollywood Walk of Fame star will receive a polished-up restored plaque on Hollywood Boulevard for the "Star Trek" creator courtesy of the Roddenberry family, the Hollywood Historic Trust and the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce.

Please beam us up a pricey Enterprise popcorn bucket! (Image credit: Regal)

Finally, and most appropriately, the European Space Agency will bring "Star Trek" up into the final frontier with ESA astronaut Sophie Adenot adorning her uniform with the Captain’s Delta badge from "Star Trek: Strange New Worlds" while aboard the International Space Station on Sept. 8, accompanied by commemorative content.

You know you want one of those $80 USS Enterprise popcorn vessels! Resistance is futile! However you celebrate "Star Trek's" anniversary, here's to another 60 years of "Star Trek"... or perhaps we should say, may it live long and prosper!

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Venus is becoming a thinner crescent — and that's when it finally starts making sense

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 13:00:00 -0500

Venus is something of a frustration for stargazers. It's the brightest planet and the easiest to see, while the sight of it close to a crescent moon is one of the most achingly beautiful sights in the sky. Yet it gives almost nothing away.

Mars has its reddish color. Saturn rewards even a small telescope with its spectacular rings. Jupiter has moons, belts and an obvious disk. Venus, meanwhile, spends months blazing away in twilight looking exactly like what people who do not stargaze assume a star should look like — a brilliant white point. What we're seeing is sunlight reflected by its global cloud cover, which in turn makes it impossible to see in any detail.

But every now and then, it does something revealing by becoming a crescent. That is when Venus, an inner planet relative to Earth, finally makes sense.

Put a small telescope on Venus this week and its appearance is completely different from the dazzling dot seen with the naked eye. This week, its disk will dim from 36% to 32% lit as it shrinks toward a thinner crescent as September progresses. At the same time, its apparent disk is getting larger because Venus is moving closer to Earth.

Those two changes are connected. Venus reached its greatest eastern elongation, about 46 degrees from the sun, on Aug. 15. It's now swinging around the inside of its smaller, faster orbit of the sun towards inferior conjunction on Oct. 24, when it will pass roughly between Earth and the sun, and be lost in the sun's glare. Before that, it will reach its peak — greatest brilliancy — in the evening sky on Sept. 18, shining at magnitude -4.8 while just 26% lit. That's the sweet spot, when its increasing angular size and decreasing crescent combine at their brightest, as seen from Earth (though its modeled visual brightness peaks a few days later, around Sept.22). After that, it becomes an increasingly dim crescent.

Seeing Venus as a crescent makes the geometry beautifully obvious. We are no longer looking across the solar system towards the brightly illuminated side of Venus. We are increasingly looking at the planet from behind, towards its night side, with sunlight catching only one edge.

It is almost the same idea as a crescent moon — except Venus is another world tens of millions of miles away. As it passes roughly between Earth and the sun on Oct. 24, it will be 0.27 AU away — equivalent to 25 million miles (40 million kilometers). At its farthest, Venus can be 162 million miles (261 million kilometers) from Earth.

The phases of Venus were historically important. When Galileo observed Venus through a telescope in the early 17th century, seeing it display a broad range of phases helped demolish the traditional Ptolemaic model in which Venus was supposed to orbit Earth in a way that could not produce the full sequence he observed.

Four centuries later, the same observation remains one of the simplest ways to understand our place in the solar system.

Venus becomes far more interesting when it stops looking its best through the naked eye and instead becomes a "wow" moment in a small telescope. As the "Evening Star" sinks lower into twilight, we're not just seeing a crescent — we're seeing a planet orbit the sun.

What's happening and when to look

A crescent moon and Venus over a lighthouse. (Image credit: Richard Packwood via Getty Images)

Venus remains an evening object throughout September, but it is rapidly becoming more challenging from mid-northern latitudes. Look very low towards the west-southwest shortly after sunset, where it should be obvious because practically nothing else in the twilight comes close to its brilliance.

Do not search for Venus with a telescope or binoculars while the sun is still above the horizon. Wait until sunset and make sure the sun has disappeared before pointing optical equipment anywhere near the western sky.

Venus will move through Virgo during the coming days before a particularly attractive conjunction on Sept. 14, when a 16%-lit waxing crescent moon will pass extremely close to a 29%-lit Venus. Two crescents together.

How and when I'm watching it

Venus is one of those objects I prefer to revisit several times rather than observe once. A single look shows a crescent, but observing every week reveals movement.

I'll mostly use my small spotting scope in the front yard to look at Venus as a crescent this month, but if I'm short on time, I'll use some 10x50 binoculars, which can also reveal the phase. The trick is not to expect surface detail — just a clean geometric shape.

Atmospheric turbulence near the horizon can make Venus wobble and shimmer, but its phase usually cuts through.

Stargazer's corner: Sept. 4–10, 2026

Saturn continues to brighten in the east after dark. (Image credit: SCIEPRO/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY via Getty Images)

With the moon now past last quarter, the early evening sky is finally free from bright moonlight. It's an excellent opportunity to revisit the Milky Way, along with star clusters, nebulas and other deep-sky objects before autumn gradually takes over and its bright center slumps into the horizon. Before dawn, the waning crescent moon moves through Taurus, passing close to Mars on Sept. 6 in Gemini, while brilliant Venus continues to dominate the western twilight after sunset. The dazzling planet remains the unmistakable evening beacon, shining low above the west shortly after sunset. Saturn, meanwhile, continues to brighten in the east during the late evening, making this an increasingly good time to point binoculars or, better still, a small telescope toward the ringed planet.

Constellation of the week: Pisces

Pisces, "The Fishes," is now visible in the south after dark. (Image credit: E. Slawik/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/M. Zamani))

Pisces is easy to overlook. Its faint stars form two celestial fish joined by a long cord, creating a broad V-shape beneath the easy-to-find Great Square of Pegasus in the eastern evening sky after dark this month.

This week is a great time to find it because Neptune soon reaches opposition within Pisces, making the distant planet brighter than at any other time this year. Although Neptune needs binoculars or a telescope to spot it, learning the constellation

Pisces has been associated with mythology and water for thousands of years, but finding its subtle pattern also signals that the autumn constellations are beginning to take over the night sky.

Stars forge and deliver the elements that make up your body — and scientists may finally know how

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 11:00:00 -0500

Scientists are closer than ever before to understanding how stars forge the elements that comprise our planet, bodies and pretty much everything else around us — and they're gaining a clearer picture of where star explosions fit into the story.

New research reported in two different papers looks at how stars forge elements as they explode and how these supernova explosions spread those elements — and other elements stars have forged during their lifetimes — throughout the cosmos.

Astronomers have been studying the bright supernova deaths of massive stars for centuries, but they still don't quite understand how these explosions proceed.

The first paper looked at one way to investigate supernovas. It uses a radioactive element produced by these explosions called titanium-44, which lingers long after supernovas fade. Researchers have now collected experimental evidence that determines how much titanium-44 is created in a supernova, finding that these cosmic explosions produce 35% more of this element than expected.

With this knowledge in hand, scientists can now develop robust computer models of supernovas and compare these models with astronomical observations. This could bring them much closer to understanding how these explosions progress.

"It's exciting to see just how far the field has come," Christopher Cousins, a postdoctoral researcher in the University of Surrey's Nuclear Physics Group, said in a statement. "A measurement like this would have been considered out of reach only a couple of decades ago, but it now gives us new insight into one of the biggest unanswered questions in astrophysics."

An illustration shows a "vampire" neutron star feeding on a close companion star. (Image credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva))

The second paper honed in on a particular brand of stellar explosion called a Type I supernova. These occur when a dense stellar remnant called a neutron star drags material from a companion stellar body. The intense gravitational influence of the neutron star — a stellar corpse that has one to two times the mass of the sun crammed into a body about 12 miles (20 kilometers) wide — means that, when this stolen stellar matter hits their surfaces, a thermonuclear explosion is triggered.

These blasts forge heavy elements and release incredible amounts of energy, some in the form of X-ray bursts.

The authors of this paper, hailing from the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) in Michigan, studied the nuclear reaction that triggers X-ray bursts in greater detail than has been possible before.

This revealed the long-debated role of the so-called nickel-copper cycle, the temporary trapping of nuclear material during supernovas. Scientists previously didn't know if material was trapped in the nickel-copper cycle during X-ray bursts.

This research reveals that this does happen, but only in small proportions. It gives scientists a clearer picture of how Type I supernovas proceed.

An illustration shows a supernova explosion bombarding Earth. (Image credit: Super-Kamiokande Collaboration)

"Despite decades of research, we still don't fully understand the nuclear reactions that power some of the universe's most spectacular stellar explosions," said Gavin Lotay of the University of Surrey.

"These two studies give us a much clearer picture of how these explosions happen, allowing us to compare our models more closely with astronomical observations and bringing us closer to understanding how the chemical elements are created and spread throughout the universe," he added.

The two papers were published in the July edition of the journal Physical Review Letters.

Hubble Telescope sees spectacular 'superbubble' | Space photo of the day for Sept. 4, 2026

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 09:00:00 -0500

This nebula is named LHA 120-N44, or N44 for short, and it’s located in the constellation Dorado. (Image credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, D. Gouliermis)

About 160,000 light-years away lies one of our Milky Way's little galactic neighbors: The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). And thanks to a new observing program, the Hubble Space Telescope has provided us with an intricate image of a nebula in the LMC. The surprising part? There's a giant void at the center. Scientists call it a "superbubble."

What is it?

What you're seeing in this image is a nebula within the LMC known as LHA 120-N44, or simply N44. It's located in the constellation of Dorado and, like a classic nebula, is the site of stars being born at a noticeably rapid rate.

But of course, what really can't be missed is the huge hole at the center of N44's dusty tendrils — this is the "superbubble," and its dimensions are staggering. NASA says it's about 210 by 140 light-years across — a truly unimaginable size, considering the distance between our sun and Pluto isn't even a single light-year.

One light-year, the distance light travels in a year, is about 6 trillion miles (9.7 trillion kilometers).

Why is it noteworthy?

The superbubble is a bit of a mystery, but one theory of why it exists is that stars at the center of the bubble could have undergone supernova explosions or have released stellar winds that swept away gas in the nebula. This could have resulted in a "void," as NASA calls it, surrounded by a gaseous shell. That would explain away the image we see pretty well, but there will likely be studies dedicated to refining that story.

Of note, in that shell around the superbubble, stars continue to form and show themselves as beautiful little specks across the watercolor-like landscape.

Something else interesting about this image is that N44 is what's known as an "emission nebula," meaning the gas you see has been energized by stars in the area. This enhances the luminescent quality of the portrait.

This is because the energization process, or ionization to be specific, generates ionized gas that ultimately must cool down. During that cooling, it goes from a higher energy state to a lower energy state and thus releases some energy. This energy loss causes N44 to glow brightly, creating the beautiful scene we see.

The reason scientists have used the Hubble Space Telescope to study N44 is this particular nebula offers good conditions to study star formation and evolution. As a matter of fact, Hubble managed to survey nearly half a million stars in and around the cluster, 30,000 of which are in the very early stages of their lives.

N44 has been a major topic of interest for quite some time. For instance, it made headlines in 2021 as well as in 2012 — both times due to Hubble's eye yet again — and observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory led to a 2011 paper that discusses supernova shock waves and other phenomena shaping the nebula and its cavity.

On this day in space! Sept. 4, 1962: NASA's Mariner 2 spacecrafts performs the 1st-ever maneuver in deep space so it could reach Venus

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 09:00:00 -0500

On Sept. 4, 1962, NASA's Mariner 2 spacecraft performed the first-ever rocket maneuver in deep space as it did a quick mid-course correction on its way to Venus. It had launched just eight days earlier and needed to burn its engines to ensure that its trajectory would take it to Venus.

The midcourse maneuver was necessary because the Atlas-Agena rocket that launched Mariner 2 didn't launch with enough accuracy to get the trajectory right in one shot. When it was about 1.5 million miles (2.4 million km) from Earth, it fired its engines to help steer it in the right direction.

The entire maneuver required five separate commands sent from mission control, telling the spacecraft to roll, pitch, turn and burn its motor. One hundred days later, Mariner 2 flew by Venus and became the first spacecraft to successfully fly by another planet.

Why it mattered

An artist's illustration of NASA's Mariner 2 spacecraft in deep space. (Image credit: NASA)

Tweaking a spacecraft's course in deep space seems a bit routine these days (NASA's newly launched Roman Space Telescope just performed such a feat this week), but in 1962 -- when reaching another planet with a probe was still the stuff of fiction -- it was far from a safe bet.

Mariner 2 launched in Aug. 27, 1962 on what would eventually be the first successful misson to another world. But as stated above, the launch wasn't accurate enough to place Mariner 2 on a direct course for Venus.

That's where the mid-course correction came in. The mission team designed a short engine burn that directed Mariner 2 to roll itself about 9.33 degrees, pitch its nose around 139.83 degrees so that it could turn its rocket engine to face forward, firing the engine, as Time Magazine recounted. The entire process took up to 36 minutes.

Without the mid-course correction, Mariner 2 would have missed Venus entirely. After launch, Mariner 2 was on a heading that would carry it only within 238,600 miles (384,000 kilometers) of the planet's center, then speed on by, according to NASA's official Mariner 2 report. After the course correction, Mariner 2 was on a path to fly by at a much closer distance of 21,607 miles (34,773 km).

Today, such mid-course corrections are a regular part of space mission planning, though they are still critical moments since a mission's success can hinge on their results. In the decades since Mariner 2, space mission designers have achieved amazing feats in mid-course changes, including the now familar gravity assist flybys that allowed NASA to send Voyager 2 on its Grand Tour of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Many other missions have achieved such feats.

Even this week, on Sept. 3, 2026, the BepiColombo mission to Mercury performed its own mid-course event, with the mission's Mercury Transfer Module releasing its two spacecraft (one each for Europe and Japan) to begin their arrival at Mercury. The event came eight years after launch and followed a series of maneuvers, including nine planetary flybys to reach the planet.

Want more space history? Check out our full On This Day In Space Story archive and watch our On This Day In Space videos on YouTube.

How did the infant sun form? Scientists get surprising new insights from 4.6-billion-year-old space dust

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 08:00:00 -0500

New research suggests that dust from meteorites contains a "fossil record" dating back to the formation of the sun. The research reveals that magnetism played a far greater role in the birth of the solar system than had previously been suspected.

Around 4.6 billion years ago, the solar system was a cloud of gas and dust, known as a solar nebula. Over the next few million years, this cloud began to flatten, forming a donut-shaped ring or torus with a budding star gathering mass at its core. Eventually, planets would form within this so-called protoplanetary disk.

Scientists have always theorized that gravity was the main sculptor during this early era. But the new study suggests that gravity had major assistance from magnetism. The signature of this additional cosmic artist was found within grains of dust sealed in DOM 08006, a meteorite recovered from Antarctica in 2008.

The grains found by the team are calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs), which are thought to have formed during the first 200,000 years of the solar system. That potentially makes them the oldest samples of solar system material ever seen.

"We know they are the oldest things we have of the early solar system," team leader Cauê Borlina of Purdue University said in a statement. "But CAIs are very complex and are not all the same, even within a 1-millimeter piece of the meteorite. So we have to carefully identify what types they are."

These CAIs indicated that there was a magnetic field in the proto-solar system even during its solar nebula phase. This magnetic field would have been stronger than Earth's magnetosphere and, as such, would have influenced the flattening of the solar nebula.

"This transition, from a spherical cloud to a protoplanetary disk, is one of the most significant events in all of solar system history," team member Benjamin Weiss, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), said in the same statement. "It has long been theorized that gravity caused this, but our measurements show magnetism likely played a role."

A new spin on early solar system magnetism

In the newly forming solar system, a magnetic field would have been generated when charged particles were sent spinning through the collapsing cloud of gas and dust that birthed the sun. This plasma would then have sustained that field.

As such, that magnetism must have affected the material in the solar nebula that would become the solar system. For that reason, the team reasoned that the strength of this field should be "locked in" to materials from the time as remanent magnetization. This matter could make its way to Earth in meteorites.

In fact, the same scientists who conducted this research previously found evidence of a magnetic field that existed 2 million years into the formation of the solar system, baked into meteorites. That's an impressive and important find, because this magnetic field would have helped planets like Earth form — but the sun was already around by that point. Thus, the team was after an earlier magnetic field, one that predated our star.

"Nowadays, people don’t debate whether magnetism is present when planets are forming. But the debate is around the very early solar system, before planets are forming, when there’s just a disk," Borlina said. "That's where the debate still resides, and that’s where we’re operating now."

Early solar system material takes shape under the influence of magnetism. (Image credit: Hernan Canellas)

DOM 08006 is one of the most unspoiled or "primitive" meteorites ever discovered, retaining and preserving materials, including CAIs, as they were when the sun was forming.

"Other meteorites went through many different processes over this 4.5 billion-year history," said Weiss. "They were formed in the solar nebula, then added to bodies with water, then got destroyed, moved to the asteroid belt, and then landed here. But somehow, DOM has experienced less alteration than any other meteorite."

If a magnetic field existed during the earliest stage of the solar system, it should be observable in the matter that makes up DOM 08006.

The team was able to isolate and identify a handful of CAIs that contained inherently magnetic minerals such as iron, which they tested to measure any magnetism they had retained.

An X-ray image of the Antarctic meteorite DOM 08006, which was discovered in 2008. (Image credit: NASA)

Studying these grains, the researchers found evidence of a magnetic field 12 times stronger than that of Earth. They think this magnetic field may have played a crucial role in the evolution of the solar system.

"We think these kinds of magnetic fields were helping to move gas from the protoplanetary disk inward toward this central star, the sun,” Borlina said. "Gravity is also playing a role. But we are now showing that, if you want to fully understand how the sun and planets formed, you should include magnetic fields in the ingredients that make them."

The new study was published Aug. 7 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

We played 'Exodus', a sci-fi RPG that should please 'Mass Effect' fans, even if you can't romance the talking octopus

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 08:00:00 -0500

Exodus' journey so far has been quite transparent, with publisher Wizards of the Coast and developer Archetype Entertainment giving us a surprising number of updates and looks at the sci-fi action RPG over the years. Now, at Gamescom 2026, they've finally given us the release date and a striking hands-on demo.

I was able to play a 50-minute demo that takes protagonist Jun Aslan (who you can customize Commander Shepard-style) and their companions to Khonsu, a huge orbital space platform above the world of Lidon, where a population of Awakened frogs – genetically modified animals that are natural to this universe – are keeping more than a few critical systems in working order. I won't get into story spoilers here, but their connection to Lidon's people makes them valuable allies who must be protected from certain evildoers...

For the most part, Exodus plays exactly like you think it does after looking at the gameplay videos, and I mean that as a compliment. In many ways, it feels like an evolution of Mass Effect – one that's fiercer and more dynamic. The gunplay is punchy and satisfying; Jun and their NPC companions are more agile; and the arsenal of both sci-fi weapons and ancient powers (magic in a sci-fi trench coat) gives players a richer selection of tools to neutralize enemies with.

On top of my hands-on time with the game, I was able to sit down and chat with three members of the development team: Chad Robertson (producer), Chris King (director), and Drew Karpyshyn (writer). If those names sound familiar, it's because they all come from a BioWare background*, so they know their way around sprawling space operas.

*Archetype houses more triple-A talent from other iconic studios like Naughty Dog

The following interview has been edited for better flow.

"One of the tenets was that we wanted to be developing an IP that could stand the test of time, and we needed something in the science fiction space for the benefit of Hasbro and Wizards of the Coast. They're very interested in developing an IP that could be owned and be science fiction," Robertson said of the project's beginnings years ago.

Archetype was founded in 2019, so Exodus has been brewing and evolving for quite some time. The backing of Hasbro and Wizards could be felt throughout the whole demo; Exodus is an expensive game with a stunning visual look.

(Image credit: Archetype Entertainment)

"We've been able to stick with that without having to worry about money and financing and being able to execute on that vision," Robertson added. This also extends to how all the exploration and combat feel even at this stage. While the demo wasn't ready for the public yet, it was a compelling vertical slice with most of the systems and assets in pretty good shape.

The more you dig into Exodus' universe-building, the bolder it becomes, throwing concepts like the Awakened or time dilation into the mix. Still, it's very much a game ideated by BioWare veterans.

"It's sort of natural that we ended up with an RPG set in an epic sci-fi universe with strong player agency and heavy companion content... Yeah, I could've guessed that's where we would end up," said Karpyshyn. While the KOTOR and Mass Effect veteran led on the narrative front, sci-fi author Peter F. Hamilton added to the "core" of the universe and wrote two big sequel novels that also serve as our first proper step into Exodus' universe.

(Image credit: Archetype Entertainment)

"He was very collaborative, but we also wanted to give him a free hand to tell the story he wanted to tell. So he took the elements that he was most interested in and expanded on them, and that allowed us to take some of the ideas and bring them into the game," Karpyshyn explained. Plenty of time (roughly 40,000 years) and space (it's set in the Omega Centauri cluster) separate Exodus from being a look at humanity's immediate future, so Archetype is looking at the universe as a place "that will tell many different stories" over time.

Well ahead of the game's launch, Wizards of the Coast is betting big on the IP, with tabletop adventures, novels, and a Secret Level short introducing RPG fanatics to its universe. How do you rein all that ambition in when working on a huge video game? According to Robertson, setting reasonable limits happened naturally: "We wanted to build a player experience that was cohesive and complete enough. Over the course of the first couple of years, I think we kinda naturally figured it out." He admitted there's "plenty of other stories" they want to tell, though.

(Image credit: Archetype Entertainment)

A highlight of the demo was how fluid the tone in Exodus seems. It's playful — and often comedic — but never too much, and even as a separate, isolated chunk of the game, it presents high stakes and dilemmas I personally cared about. Again, it reminded me of Mass Effect at its best – especially the second one. I was impressed by how grounded it all felt despite heavily featuring a bunch of talking frogs and an armored bear who was also insulting me during a boss fight.

King mentioned the Awakened are "a really interesting example", as it's a concept that pushed them to explore "different ways to present them and what the tone would be". In fact, he revealed they made them "a bit too serious" early on (some of that can even be felt in the earlier lore videos on them). Eventually, the team found a balance between Jun's progression, which "has a lot of heavy, even dark themes", and other elements and characters that you run into. "They're meant to provide a counterbalance to that. You do have lighthearted moments."

(Image credit: Archetype Entertainment)

Inevitably, I had to ask about the matter of romances, and that human emotion we call love. Many players show up for these RPGs looking for hilarious, dramatic, and spicy romantic relationships.

The first thing Karpyshyn did was shoot down the possibility of a Salt (the combat mech-piloting octopus) romance: "Salt isn't really into humans. She thinks they're kind of gross. But there are many other romances. You can play as male or female Jun, and we don't lock any of the romances out based on gender choice. But you do have to pursue and work for them. They're not gonna happen by accident."

His reply then led to some brief talk about the tension between Jun and the members of the crew: "All your companions have their own goals, wants, and needs. They don't get along with each other always. We're constantly putting you into these conflict situations where you have to decide how to navigate... As a player, you have to decide, 'Do I want to risk annoying the romance character?' and maybe the romance ends... Life is messy, and we wanted the game to be messy and complicated."

Indeed, the hands-on preview mission ended with a heavy choice that no doubt would have major consequences down the line. Even if my save game meant nothing at this stage, I was still conflicted, and the developers mentioned it was interesting to finally get this game in front of people outside the studio and see their reactions to certain story beats.

(Image credit: Archetype Entertainment)

On that front, I also had to ask the trio about the voice acting (some voices were really familiar) and the music in the game, which are totally top-notch. "I'm tempted to ask which ones you recognize," Robertson said before stating they're not ready to elaborate on those yet. "The marketing team would shoot us in the head."

During our chat, the team wanted to get some quick feedback on a specific zero-gravity section — shooting and platforming are involved — which they described as "revelatory" after getting the sound FX right. I agree with them. Whereas many space walks in video games feel too fantasy-like or realistic to be truly exciting, Exodus appears to find a fine balance between the space opera spectacle we're showing up for and the harsh coldness of the void out there. There are certain sound FX still giving you feedback, but muffled shootouts are refreshingly scary.

When asked about customization options and character build – as in abilities and skills – possibilities, King answered that "philosophically, what we want to do is give players interesting choices and figure out what they like playing the most".

It's not a hard class system like in the original Mass Effect games. "We let you sort of express and figure out what you like in the skill tree... Layered on top of that, there are mastery levels on classes, and then depending on your choices, it unlocks hybrid trees," explains King.

(Image credit: Archetype Entertainment)

Combined with the many types of guns and suits available — each with different firing modes and upgrades — it all creates a familiar yet deeper progression structure.

Speaking about the game as a whole and what he's particularly proud of, King circled back to "player agency" and what he calls "water cooler moments", as you can discuss with friends at work or online what your and their choices were and what happened. At least, that's what the team hopes will happen with some of the story beats.

Robertson added to his answer: "The first time we had enough pieces together... and you could feel the music and cinematics coming together, and the emotional weight behind it, that's what these games are about. Where you have that angst over a decision and feel the anxiety of what just happened. 'I should have chosen something different.' I think we're super proud of those. There's a bunch of moments in the game like that." At this point, I can already see what the team means, which is why I sincerely believe there might be something special to Exodus.

Exodus is releasing on PC (Steam & Epic Games Store), PS5, and Xbox Series X|S on April 7, 2027.

Scientists watch a comet being born 3 billion miles away

Fri, 04 Sep 2026 05:00:00 -0500

Astronomers have witnessed a small, icy body that orbits the sun out beyond Jupiter transforming into a comet, providing a missing link between comets and inert bodies called centaurs.

The object in question is called 450P/LONEOS and is named after the Lowell Observatory survey that found it back in 2004. It is a centaur, which is a breed of inactive body that orbits the sun between Jupiter and Neptune. These objects are thought to have wandered in from the Kuiper Belt beyond Pluto, their paths perhaps perturbed by distant gravitational interactions with the gas giant planets, or even a nudge from a passing star.

Because a given centaur's orbit crosses the path of at least one of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, a centaur's orbit is unstable over millions of years. Consequently, the giant planets can push them even closer to the sun or kick them out of the solar system entirely.

It has long been suspected that those pushed closer to the sun turn into what are called Jupiter-family comets, which are comets with orbital periods around the sun of less than 20 years and which are influenced by the gravity of Jupiter.

To date, no one has ever seen a centaur turn into a Jupiter-family comet. The orbital period of 450P is currently 22 years, so it isn't a Jupiter-family comet yet, but astronomers led by planetary scientist Charles Schambeau of the University of Central Florida have been observing the onset of comet-like behavior on the centaur. In particular, using the Gemini North telescope in Hawaii they have seen the formation of a cloud of gas and dust called a coma around the solid nucleus of 450P, with this coma brightening in the period between 2019 and 2024, when 450P arrived at perihelion (the closest point to the sun in its orbit).

Should 450P keep up this comet-like behavior and receive one more gravitational nudge from one of the giant planets, then it could finally become a Jupiter-family comet.

"Studying objects like 450P helps us connect different stages of small-body evolution," said Schambeau in a statement. "Centaurs are likely related to trans-Neptunian objects, and some will eventually become short-period comets. By studying their activity, surface properties and volatile [substances with low boiling or sublimation points such as water and carbon dioxide] composition, we can learn how comet nuclei change as they move inward through the solar system, how long they preserve primitive ices and what physical processes turn an otherwise quiet icy body into an active comet."

Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Schambeau's team analyzed 450P's coma, finding carbon dioxide gas and suggestions of particles of crystalline ice and dust.

Its transition from a centaur into a comet is thought to have resulted from 450P having a date with destiny. By tracking back its orbit to before its 2004 discovery, astronomers found that 450P had come within 2.9 million miles (4.6 million kilometers) of Saturn in 1992. That's pretty close on solar-system scales. The object's gravitational interaction with the ringed planet caused 450P's orbit to significantly shorten so that its perihelion is now at 5.4 astronomical units 506 million miles, or 813 million km), which is only slightly beyond the orbit of Jupiter at 5.2 astronomical units.

Its last perihelion was in August 2024 and, by getting closer to the sun, 450P received substantially more heat than it has in the past.

"That increased solar heating can warm the surface and the subsurface layers of the nucleus," said Schambeau. "As those layers heat up, volatile ices or trapped gases can be released, which can drag dust away from the surface and produce a coma."

The significance of the JWST's discovery of carbon dioxide gas in 450P's burgeoning coma, coupled with the complete absence of water vapor, tells us that it is carbon-dioxide driving the activity on 450P.

This NASA animation depicts a comet as it enters the inner solar system, with light from the sun warming the comet to create its coma and tail. (Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)

"At 450P's distance from the sun, the nucleus is too cold for normal water-ice sublimation to be the main activity source, so detecting carbon dioxide gives us an important clue about what is powering the coma," said Schambeau.

While there is no water vapor, JWST has picked up hints of solid particles of crystalline water-ice.

"The possible crystalline water-ice is also interesting because it suggests that some of the ice in the coma has experienced heating or physical processing, rather than remaining completely unchanged since formation," said Schambeau.

On pristine cometary bodies and Kuiper Belt objects, ice is usually in an amorphous state, meaning the frozen water molecules are not structured or arranged in any particular way, giving the ice a porous composition that allows it to trap pockets of gas. As 450P nears the sun, the extra warmth that it receives causes the amorphous ice to morph into crystalline ice that has a more regular structure. During the transformation the gases escape, dragging dust and ice particles off the surface with them. Therefore, the presence of crystalline ice is telling us that 450P is in the process of being thermally altered from its pristine state that quite possibly harkens back to the birth of the solar system 4.5 billion years ago.

Only a very small fraction of Centaurs have ever shown signs of activity, which makes 450P's recent perihelion a very important one to have studied because it is a rare example of an early stage in a centaur's transition into a comet.

"Centaurs are scientifically important because they are thought to be transitional objects that originated further out in the solar system and are slowly evolving toward becoming Jupiter-family comets," said Schambeau. "In that sense, they give us a way to study relatively primitive material from the outer solar system while it is beginning to respond to stronger solar heating."

The findings have been accepted for future publication in the Planetary Science Journal and is currently available on the arXiv pre-print archive.

'Alien: Isolation 2': Facing a ruthless and evolved Xenomorph in our Gamescom hands-on preview

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 15:00:00 -0500

It's hard to downplay excitement for Alien: Isolation 2 after a first menacing teaser and promising early previews. Alien video games are in a good spot right now thanks to bangers like Aliens Dark Descent and Fireteam Elite 2, but nothing has hit quite like Creative Assembly's 2014 survival horror classic.

Now, after a thrilling Gamescom hands-on demo, it looks like the studio has nailed it once again, bringing Xenomorph-shaped scares to the next generation. At least that's what its breezy prologue section I played at Gamescom suggests.

As the earliest possible section of the game, no new mechanics were present, and the larger ideas and structure are still a big mystery. Instead, Sega and Creative Assembly have bet on pure atmosphere, dread that runs deeper thanks to more detailed graphics and audio, and of course, letting everyone know the Xenomorph's dynamic AI has evolved too.

Though it'd been mentioned before, the biggest shocker comes with the immediate reveal that Amanda Ripley is no longer the protagonist. Even if I wouldn't close the door on her showing up one way or another in Alien: Isolation 2, her story was continued elsewhere after all hope for a sequel was lost a few years ago. (Look at us now).

Instead, we play as Blake, a gal from Earth who seems eager to please her employers, even if that bothers Cole and Otto, two rugged workers under her command.

(Image credit: The Creative Assembly)

Still, the game smartly kicks off with a quick rundown of what went down in the first Isolation, narrated by Ripley, who was responsible for the destruction of the infested Sevastopol station. The nightmare was over... until it wasn't. The bad news is that part of Sevastopol was ejected as an emergency measure, probably to preserve the lab inside and the horrors within it. It's a similar setup to Alien: Romulus' "the Company went and recovered a chunk of the Nostromo", but it gets the job done.

Our interview with Creative Director Al Hope revealed that "Alien: Isolation 2 picks up a few months after the first game". The nature of the colony-planet we're on remains a mystery, but it seems the terraforming process is going well, with plenty of vegetation and trees scattered about. Shame about the remarkably bad weather though.

During the prologue, the ground vehicle is forced to stop during the beginning of a terrible storm, and that makes visibility once Blake steps out of the vehicle an issue. Hope also confirmed that these inclement weather conditions will play an actual role in how the survival gameplay evolves over the course of the game, but for now the prologue keeps things mostly on-rails.

In any case, the rainy and windy weather is a fantastic showcase of the game's visuals and sound FX work. It's fairly stressful even without a Xenomorph haunting the place (yet), so I can only imagine how intense Alien: Isolation 2 will get once things ramp up. After wandering around the area and spotting a crashed structure, Blake decides to play the hero and goes into the trashed remnants of the Sevastopol despite Cole's persistent warnings about the rising water level of the river. Who knows, that guy might make it out alive thanks to his "I'm not getting paid enough for this" mentality.

(Image credit: The Creative Assembly)

Inside the messy lab, malfunctioning doors are the first obstacle. It seems I was meant to use my only two flares to roam around the dark corridors and look for pieces of scrap that Blake can use to fix some circuits. Instead, I used them outside and went "oooh" at the lighting, wasting them. This made the first step into this haunted house trickier than it needed to be, but I eventually made it into its inner sections, restoring some of the power and also awakening the beast.

Creative Assembly thought it made no sense to keep the Xenomorph in the shadows for long. It's a trick the studio pulled off once, but 12 years later, it'd have been silly to tease us with limited glimpses of a creature everyone already knows and fears. Instead, the Xenomorph drops down right in front of Blake, who's lucky enough to be able to duck under a table the moment it shows up, offering us a glimpse at its glorious new model.

After that point, the goal in the demo is simple: Get the hell out of there. With obstacles like fire coming out of pipes and blocked doors, survival comes down to chucking small items like bottles across the room to keep the Xenomorph off Blake's back while trying to find a way forward. No motion tracker, no flamethrower, no anything. Just crawling on one's knees and making the right move at the right moment. Needless to say, poor Blake was impaled and "kissed" by the alien drone more than a few times before my time was up.

(Image credit: The Creative Assembly)

At this stage, it's impossible to discern how Alien: Isolation 2 differs from the original beyond the more advanced tech powering it, the new cast of characters, and the desolate planetary setting. What this demo achieved, however, was making the main Xenomorph threat even livelier. Its patrols were more unpredictable, and the reaction times shocked me more than once.

Muscle memory and knowledge of the previous aliens' behaviors in the 2014 original won't save you here. Even staying inside the vents for too long made it search every nook and cranny before eventually finding and grabbing me. There's no easy way out even when you're silent, and I suspect Creative Assembly wants to push players to be on the move always.

There's a clear opportunity here to create a bolder sequel that borrows more from the recent Resident Evil entries — which were themselves partially shaped by Alien: Isolation's first-person horror — to keep players on their toes, always readjusting to environments and non-Xeno threats. It's a full circle moment for the dev team, and the final confirmation that the first game is now a bona fide classic.

Creative Assembly's Survival Team has gotten back in the saddle like nothing happened, and now I'm just excited to see the twists and turns that elevate its basic tried and tested formula.

Alien: Isolation 2 is releasing on PC (Steam), PS5, Xbox Series X|S, and Nintendo Switch 2 in the near future. A release window hasn't been locked yet.

2 spacecraft will soon reach Mercury after 8 years in space. Here's what BepiColombo can do

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 13:00:00 -0500

Mercury, the tiniest and least-explored planet in the inner solar system, is hiding mysteries far larger than itself — and finally, scientists will soon be getting not one but two spacecraft designed to decode the strange world.

That's thanks to the BepiColombo mission, a joint project of the European Space Agency (ESA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) that launched in October 2018. After a harrowing journey through the inner solar system, the mission is tackling a crucial maneuver on Thursday (Sept. 3): separating its science equipment from the transport that carried it all that way. By April 2027, scientists hope the mission's two instrument-heavy probes will be gathering a slew of observations that could help solve puzzles about Mercury — and maybe even the solar system we call home.

"I think being able to see new data come out about Mercury is going to be so fantastic," Rachel Klima, a planetary geologist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, told Space.com. The planet, she says, is "just so weird and beautiful and interesting."

An enigmatic planet

For now, Mercury holds the dubious honor of being the least-explored planet in the inner solar system, visited by only two missions to date. NASA's Mariner 10 spacecraft made a trio of zippy flybys in 1974 and 1975, giving scientists their first glimpses of the planet's cracked and cratered surface, as well as confirming the world has both a very tenuous atmosphere and a magnetic field.

"It really gave us our first close-up view of Mercury," Sean Solomon, a planetary scientist at Columbia University, told Space.com. "But it left a lot of pages blank."

And for decades, that was it. Scientists didn't return to Mercury until 2011, when NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft, with Solomon as its principal investigator, arrived at the tiny world. (Mercury has a radius of 1,516 miles, or 2,440 kilometers, meaning its width is just over a third of Earth's.) The spacecraft was packed with tools tailored to the job, such as spectrometers tuned to gamma-rays, X-rays and neutrons, and instruments to sniff out the atmosphere and measure the magnetic field, and it was there to stay. Four years of observations with MESSENGER showed scientists Mercury's complete surface for the first time, and by late in its mission, the spacecraft was passing just 15.5 miles (24.9 km) above the planet's surface.

But even MESSENGER wasn't sophisticated enough to crack Mercury's puzzles or unveil the strange planet's beginnings. "I think the jury's still out on exactly how Mercury got assembled," Solomon said.

Flying over Mercury's north pole gave BepiColombo's monitoring camera 1 (M-CAM 1) a unique opportunity to peer down into the shadowy polar craters on Jan. 8, 2025. (Image credit: ESA/BepiColombo/MTM)

MESSENGER opened up some smaller mysteries, too. It discovered bright, steep-sided pits that scientists dubbed "hollows." It found a suite of elements — that planetary scientists call "volatiles" for their tendency to slip free of rock — somehow more prevalent in Mercury's surface than Earth's. It calculated that the center of the planet's magnetic field is wildly offset from the planet's core. Plus, MESSENGER's tricky orbit also meant the spacecraft never saw the southern half of the planet as sharply as the northern half, leaving one side shadowed in doubt.

The arrival of BepiColombo

It's these mysteries that the ambitious BepiColombo mission hopes to tackle. By April, if all goes well, the mission will consist of two separate spacecraft gathering independent but coordinated data about Mercury.

Europe's Mercury Planetary Orbiter, or MPO, will focus on the planet proper. It's packed with 11 science instruments that will map the terrain, minerals in the crust, and the gravity field, investigate the hollows and volcanic deposits, and observe how the barrage of charged particles from the sun affects this innermost planet.

Japan's Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter, or Mio, meanwhile, will focus on the planet's surroundings — its magnetosphere and wispy atmosphere, as well as the dust cluttering up its neighborhood.

Both spacecraft also carry instruments to measure the planet's magnetic field, offering simultaneous observations of different parts of the field to scientists who typically make do with data gathered from just one location at a time.

In fact, some of these instruments have been able to gather observations during BepiColombo's long trek to Mercury and its six quick flybys of the planet so far. But because of how the spacecraft were configured for the journey, most of the instruments have not — and will not — get to work until after MPO and Mio have separated. That is expected to happen in December.

The mission's science, then, has begun only in dribbles, while the bulk of its promise still lies ahead. "There is a growing literature of new results that have come from the BepiColombo flybys, but I expect that will explode once they go into orbit," Solomon said.

A diagram showing BepiColombo's path to getting near Mercury. (Image credit: ESA)

He's especially excited to see the spacecraft's sharp views of the southern hemisphere, and particularly find hidden deposits of water ice across the area. These deposits would exist in deep craters that never feel the sun's heat. In examining this region of the planet, scientists will be able to reduce the northerly bias of MESSENGER's data and better see Mercury's complete picture.

Meanwhile, Klima is most eagerly awaiting MPO's work to map elements and minerals in the planet's surface. This work eluded MESSENGER, which used a technique that relied on these rocks being rich in iron and similar materials — but as it turned out, those elements were absent, leaving scientists stymied. MPO carries different technology that will be able to read rocks on the world even without iron, which Klima said could help reveal how Mercury — and our whole solar system, as a matter of fact — formed.

Klima says she hopes BepiColombo can get people excited about Mercury, the overlooked terrestrial planet of the solar system: "It certainly doesn't get the love and attention that Mars and Venus and everywhere else gets."

'Strange New Worlds'' latest episode is a soap opera spoof, but hasn't 'Star Trek' always been a soap opera in space anyway?

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 12:00:00 -0500

"Strange New Worlds"' fourth season has doubled down on the show's long-established penchant for seeking out new genres beyond "Trek"'s traditional frontiers. So far the Enterprise has encountered Martians, hangovers and Muppets, and now its latest mission, "Like Chronitons Through the Hourglass", has made a detour into full-on soap opera territory.

Thanks to the meddling of Q junior Trelane (Rhys Darby), the ship's lighting is slightly off, day-to-day operations are punctuated by ad breaks, and the crew has developed a tendency to stare wistfully into the middle distance. Reminders that Starfleet's finest are living out their very own "Days of Their Lives"-style TV show are everywhere, but — for all the deliberate overacting and pauses. In. All the. Wrong. Places — is it really that different from regular life on a starship? Isn't "Star Trek" essentially a soap opera anyway?

Dictionary definitions of soap operas vary, but the general gist is that they follow the daily lives of a bunch of characters over an extended period of time. They're a broad church — the more glamorous US soaps are very different to their gritty, slice-of-life UK counterparts — but they're usually characterized by interpersonal dramas and a long-running nature. So, aside from the fact that episodes of "Star Trek" are bunched into seasons, and there's usually a story of the week, the franchise effectively fits the bill.

(Image credit: Paramount)

That wasn't so much the case in the Original Series days, where episodes were resolutely standalone and most of the regulars on the bridge — even Sulu, Uhura and Chekov — were given minimal character development. Even Uhura's famous kiss with Captain Kirk was a one-off affair.

But by the time "The Next Generation" left Spacedock, interpersonal relationships were very much on the agenda — so much so that the Enterprise-D needed a counselor on the ship's manifest.

(Image credit: Paramount)

From day one, the show was getting busy establishing the backstories of the characters, with Commander Riker's previous relationship with Counselor Troi a matter of record, and Captain Picard's complicated past with Dr Beverly Crusher (her late husband, Jack, was Jean-Luc's best friend) adding an extra frisson to their working relationship.

Even as the show adhered, more or less, to its adventure-of-the-week format, these will they/won't they romances sizzled in the background (albeit on a very low heat), until belatedly coming to fruition in "Star Trek: Insurrection" and "Star Trek: Picard", respectively. We also met various members of Picard, Troi, and Worf's families, while Troi and Worf found the time for a brief fling — much to Riker's annoyance.

The more serialized nature of "Deep Space Nine" was even more suited to space opera-meets-soap opera storytelling. As the Dominion War rumbled on in the background, Worf and Jadzia Dax found love (and later married) against a backdrop of the Bajoran Wormhole, before widower Captain Sisko and new flame Kasidy Yates said "I do" for themselves, and became parents.

(Image credit: Paramount)

Romantic sparks also flew between Colonel Kira Nerys and shapeshifting security chief Odo, and Dr Julian Bashir and Ezri Dax. (The latter took on the Dax symbiont after Jadzia Dax's death, a complication that not even the craziest US soaps have dared to explore.) And then there was Chief O'Brien, the first "Trek" regular to juggle his Starfleet duties with a settled home life.

Meanwhile, "Voyager"'s journey through the Delta Quadrant was punctuated by various births, deaths, and marriages, alongside the various unlikely friendships that developed among the marooned crew. On "Enterprise", Trip Tucker managed to find his way past T'Pol's logical exterior to share a romance with the ship's resident Vulcan — though only after his captain had experienced some rather awkward feelings towards his First Officer in "A Night in Sickbay".

Crews in more recent "Trek" series have tended to be more in touch with their feelings than their predecessors. "Discovery" may be packed with 31st-century tech so advanced it resembles magic, but the crew hasn't evolved past old-school interpersonal drama (and hugging). And at "Starfleet Academy", dealing with hormones tends to be as important to the curriculum as learning to handle the Borg or Nus Braka.

(Image credit: Paramount)

The difference with "Like Chronitons Through the Hourglass" is simply that it's more blatant in its references to soap operas, which — based on Pike's reaction to Trelane's shipwide experiment — are apparently still a thing in the 23rd century. Which raises the awkward question of why no one on the Enterprise has noticed that ship's counselor, Dr Chivers, looks a lot like Marlena Evans from "Days of Our Lives"? Both characters are played by actor Deidre Hall.

Overblown medical conditions like "cosmic amnesia" and "space madness" — or Pike learning he's Uhura's long-lost father — intentionally push the episode into the realms of ridiculousness.

Tone down the silliness, however, and these twists wouldn't look out of place as "Trek" B-plots. Indeed, while La'an's meeting with Spock's "evil twin" Sybok is right out of the American soap opera handbook — remember Hans Ramoray, Dr Drake Ramoray's morally dubious sibling in the "Friends" version of "Days of Our Lives"? — a similar storyline has also played out in "Star Trek", courtesy of Data and his dodgy big brother Lore.

(Image credit: Paramount)

Ultimately, this episode exists as an excuse for Pike to confront long-buried feelings about the loss of partner Marie Batel, and Juliet, the daughter he had in an imaginary existence.

That the captain can actually hear the episode's incidental music is kinda weird (that stuff's supposed to be non-diegetic), but "Like Chronitons through the Hourglass"'s soap opera stylings should otherwise be all in a day's work for the captain of the Enterprise.

New episodes of "Star Trek: Strange New Worlds" debut on Paramount+ on Thursdays.

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'Strange New Worlds'' latest episode is a soap opera spoof, but hasn't 'Star Trek' always been a soap opera in space?

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 12:00:00 -0500

"Strange New Worlds"' fourth season has doubled down on the show's long-established penchant for seeking out new genres beyond "Trek"'s traditional frontiers.

So far the Enterprise has encountered Martians, hangovers and Muppets, and now its latest mission, "Like Chronitons Through the Hourglass", has made a detour into full-on soap opera territory.

Thanks to the meddling of Q junior Trelane (Rhys Darby), the ship's lighting is slightly off, day-to-day operations are punctuated by ad breaks, and the crew has developed a tendency to stare wistfully into the middle distance. Reminders that Starfleet's finest are living out their very own "Days of Our Lives"-style TV show are everywhere, but — for all the deliberate overacting and pauses. In. All the. Wrong. Places — is it really that different from regular life on a starship? Isn't "Star Trek" essentially a soap opera anyway?

So, aside from the fact that episodes of "Star Trek" are bunched into seasons, and there's usually a story of the week, the franchise effectively fits the bill.

(Image credit: Paramount)

But by the time "The Next Generation" left Spacedock, interpersonal relationships were very much on the agenda — so much so that the Enterprise-D needed a counselor on the ship's manifest.

(Image credit: Paramount)

Overblown medical conditions like "cosmic amnesia" and "space madness" — or Pike learning he's Uhura's long-lost father — intentionally push the episode into the realms of ridiculousness.

(Image credit: Paramount)

Ultimately, this episode exists as an excuse for Pike to confront long-buried feelings about the loss of partner Marie Batel, and Juliet, the daughter he had in an imaginary existence.

New episodes of "Star Trek: Strange New Worlds" debut on Paramount+ on Thursdays.

Watch Star Trek Strange New Worlds on Paramount+:
Essential (ads): $8.99/mo or $89.99/yr
Premium (no ads): $13.99/mo or $139.99/yr

'A new mission starting today': 8 years after launch, BepiColombo begins Mercury arrival

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 11:25:20 -0500

After nearly eight years traveling through the inner solar system, the trailblazing BepiColombo spacecraft has finally begun its arrival at Mercury.

The joint European Space Agency (ESA)-Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) mission reached a major milestone today (Sep. 3), entering its arrival phase at one of our sun's least-studied planets. BepiColombo's Mercury Transfer Module (MTM), the main power and propulsion system that has ferried a dual stack of planetary probes through space for nearly eight years, released its payload to kick off a sequence of operations that will ultimately place the two spacecraft in Mercury's orbit.

The separation left ESA's Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and JAXA's Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter, known as Mio, together for their final approach, which will take about six more months. "It will basically be a new mission starting today," said Bruno Sousa, ESA's head of operations definition and engineering, during today's mission livestream.

BepiColombo launched aboard an Ariane 5 rocket from Europe's Spaceport at the Guiana Space Center in Kourou, French Guiana, on Oct. 19, 2018, beginning a journey that was expected to take about seven years. To assist its plunge sunward, the spacecraft's trajectory has included one flyby of Earth, two of Venus and six of Mercury, as it has shed more and more gravitational energy during to slow its approach to the system's innermost planet.

"It's one of the most complicated missions we have ever flown," Sousa said. The mission was made even more complicated in April 2024, when a solar panel issue reduced the available power for MTM's electric thrusters. Engineers devised a lower-thrust trajectory that saved BepiColombo's mission but delayed its Mercury arrival from December 2025 to November 2026.

Today's maneuver doesn't place BepiColombo in orbit around Mercury quite yet. MPO and Mio will spend the next several weeks navigating toward the planet ahead of orbital insertion on Nov. 21. "Arriving to Mercury is not as simple as other missions that do a big maneuver and they are there," said Elsa Montagnon, BepiColombo's operations manager. "In our case, it's going to be six months of continuous activities."

The Nov. 21 arrival will begin a sequence of 16 maneuvers to progressively lower and reshape BepiColombo's orbit. Mio is scheduled to separate from MPO around Dec. 9 and settle into a highly elliptical polar orbit. MPO will jettison Mio's MOSIF sunshield (Magnetospheric Orbiter Sunshield and Interface Structure) on Dec. 16, then continue lowering its own altitude before reaching its own polar orbit on March 10, 2027.

BepiColombo's arrival at Mercury will take about six months. (Image credit: European Space Agency)

BepiColombo is scheduled to begin science operations on April 6, 2027, with MPO and Mio studying Mercury simultaneously from complementary orbits. MPO will focus on Mercury's surface composition, geology and planetary interior, while Mio will investigate the planet's magnetic field and its interaction with the solar wind.

Today's separation took place at 8:00 a.m. EDT (1200 GMT), but confirmation of that event didn't come for more than an hour following its scheduled execution. Acquisition of signal from BepiColombo came just before 10 a.m. EDT (1400 GMT), followed by a positive telemetry reading indicating the spacecraft was where it was supposed to be.

"I'm again extremely relieved," Montagnon said. "That the telemetry comes exactly at the moment we expect it, and that we see in the telemetry that the configuration of the spacecraft is the correct one," she said, "this is the best case scenario."

Comet McNaught put on a surprise show this summer: Here's how to spot it before it fades

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 11:00:00 -0500

Comet 220P/McNaught has already put on an unexpectedly impressive show this summer as two dramatic outbursts of activity caused it to shine 20,000 times brighter than usual. Here's how you can spot the icy interloper before it fades in the coming weeks.

Comet 220P/McNaught orbits the sun once every 5.5-years. It reached perihelion — its closest point to the sun — on June 14. Solar heating typically increases cometary activity by causing volatile ices to turn directly into gas, releasing dust that reflects sunlight.

The comet's most recent perihelion passage was accompanied by two dramatic outbursts that saw its brightness jump to 20,000 times its usual level, making the ordinarily dim comet temporarily visible to stargazers using binoculars, telescopes, or cameras.

Comet 220P/McNaught is expected to dim significantly as it travels farther away from the sun, though it's possible that another outburst could see its brightness increase once more in the coming weeks!

McNaught's has a current brightness, or magnitude of +9.2 according to the Comet Observation Database run by the Crni Vern observatory. That would make it a challenge to spot with a pair of binoculars under less than perfect conditions, but puts it within reach of small telescopes under dark skies, where it mayappear as a faint, diffuse patch against the background stars.

Where can I find Comet 220P/McNaught in early September?

Look east around midnight local time to find the stars of the constellation Taurus rising into the late summer sky. Next, identify the "V" formation of the Hyades open star cluster shining at the heart of the constellation. Comet McNaught can be found close to the magnitude 3.59 binary star system Omicron Tauri, two stars out from the point of the stellar "V".

How to find Comet McNaught with the stars of the constellation Taurus. (Image credit: Created by Anthony Wood in Canva)

Comet McNaught will become easier to spot in the dark nights surrounding the new moon phase on Sept. 10-11, which will also present a perfect opportunity for . It'll also make for long- exposure photography.

Comet McNaught shines alongside a perseid meteor in a long-composite image by Osama Fathi. (Image credit: Osama Fathi)

Osama Fathi captured a gorgeous photo of Comet McNaught shining in the skies above Egypt as a lone Perseid blazed earthward on Aug. 15.

"I spent nearly two hours imaging the comet and the real surprise came when a meteor crossed very close to it in one frame — a wonderful and unexpected moment," Fathi told Space.com in an email. "Comets are exciting because of their unpredictability and I hope 220P continues to surprise observers with changes in its brightness and activity in the coming weeks."

Comet McNaught's journey through the constellation Cetus between Aug. 6-26. (Image credit: Dan Bartlett.)

Astrophotographer Dan Bartlett, meanwhile, created this breathtakingly detailed mosaic of Comet McNaught's journey through the constellation Cetus as the icy wanderer glowed in the skies over June Lake, California. The mosaic captures the comet's evolution from Aug. 6-26 as its coma and tail transformed in the wake of its Aug. 5 outburst.

Interested in capturing your own photo of Comet McNaught? Then be sure to read our guide to photographing solar system comets, along with our roundups of the best cameras and lenses for astrophotography.

Editor's Note: If you would like to share your astrophotography with Space.com's readers, then please send your photo(s), comments, and your name and location to spacephotos@space.com.

On this day in space! Sept. 3, 2006: Europe's SMART-1 spacecraft crashes into the moon in lunar death dive

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 09:00:00 -0500

On Sept. 3, 2006, a European satellite named SMART-1 crashed into the moon! This wasn't actually as disastrous as it sounds, because the spacecraft did it on purpose.

SMART-1 launched in 2003 and was the first European spacecraft to go to the moon. It was also the first mission of a program called Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology, which was a series of low-cost spacecraft that the European Space Agency launched to test new spaceflight technologies.

SMART-1's primary objective was to test something called Solar Electric Primary Propulsion, or a solar-powered electric engine. While it orbited the moon for almost two years, it looked for water ice and other chemicals on the lunar surface.

When SMART-1 slammed into the moon, that was also done for science. Astronomers back on Earth watched the impact with their telescopes, hoping that it would give them some insight into the mechanics of meteor impacts.

Why it mattered

An illustration of the European Space Agency's SMART-1 probe firing its engine at the moon. (Image credit: ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)

At its core, ESA's SMART-1 moon probe was a technology testbed for spacecraft technologies, that doesn't mean the mission was without science merit.

The spacecraft carried a suite of instruments to map the surface of the moon, study the mineral composition of the lunar surface and seek out infrared signatures for signs of water ice. Scientists hoped the probe would help build a geologic history of the moon to better understand its violent origins in a cosmic impact.

The moon grave site of ESA's SMART-1 moon orbiter after its crash as seen by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2017.P. Stooke/B. Foing et al 2017/ NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University

P. Stooke/B. Foing et al 2017/ NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University

SMART-1 accomplished all this and more. The mission was expected to last just six months at the moon, but the probe persisted for about three years.

ESA initially expected SMART-1 to crash into the moon in September 2005, but mission managers devised a series of engine maneuvers that added a full year onto the mission. An even later maneuver, which completely exhausted SMART-1's xenon supply, extended the probe's life by a few more weeks, ESA officials have said.

But on Sept. 3, 2006, the moon's gravity pulled SMART-1 out of its lunar orbit. The probe crashed into the moon at a relatively slow 4,473 mph (7,200 kph) -- Leonid meteoroid impacts on the moon are more than of 156,585 mph (252,000 kph), for example -- in a region known as the "Lake of Excellence." No spacecraft in lunar orbit saw its demise, but a telescope on Earth did record the flash from the lunar impact.

It would take another 11 years before NASA's Lunar Reconnaisance Orbiter as able to spot the gouge in the lunar surface caused by the SMART-1 impact. That probe's photo showed that SMART-1 created a crater just over 13 feet (4 meters) wide and a gouge over 65 feet (20 m) long when it slammed into the moon. You can see the photo below.

The moon grave site of ESA's SMART-1 moon orbiter after its crash as seen by NASA's Lunar Reconnaisance Orbiter in 2017.P. Stooke/B. Foing et al 2017/ NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University

This diagram shows the final resting point in the Lake of Excellence on the moon where the SMART-1 probe crashed.P. Stooke/B. Foing et al 2017/ NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University

Still, demonstrating the solar electric ion engine on SMART-1, which used inert xenon gas as a propellant, was the primary goal of the mission.

At the time, SMART-1 was only the second spacecraft to test the solar electric engine (NASA's Deep Space 1 was the first). ESA was hoping the mission could serve lead to a new era of interplanetary exploration by using a lower-cost and more fuel-efficent way of reaching other planets. The mission, ESA said at the time, could pave the way for missions to Mercury, asteroids and more.

Today, those hopes have been realized, quite literally.

The BepiColombo mission to Mercury, a joint effort by the European Space Agency and Japan to send two orbiters to the planet, is beginning its arrival phase today - Sept. 3, 2026 - by releasing the joined orbiter ahead of orbital entry. The Mercury Transfer Module that carried the two probes toward Mercury is powered by a solar electric xenon propulsion system.

NASA's Psyche asteroid spacecraft, Dawn asteroid mission and DART asteroid impact mission also used similar propulsion systems.

Want more space history? Check out our full On This Day In Space Story archive and watch our On This Day In Space videos on YouTube.

Mesmerizing plasma loops on the sun | Space photo of the day for Sept. 3, 2026

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 09:00:00 -0500

Astrophotographer Mark Johnston captured the sun in remarkable detail from his backyard in Arizona. (Image credit: Mark Johnston)

A spectacular series of glowing plasma loops arcs above the sun in this remarkable view captured from an astrophotographer's backyard.

What is it?

This image is a still from a high-resolution timelapse captured by astrophotographer Mark Johnston from Scottsdale, Arizona on Aug. 21, 2026.

The footage shows a coronal loop arcade — a series of arching loops of hot plasma shaped by the sun's magnetic field — extending high above the solar limb, or apparent edge of the sun.

Johnston recorded the scene for more than two hours, from 7:56 a.m. to 10:12 a.m. local time. His footage reveals the movement of plasma within the loops, including 'coronal rain' as material cools and falls back towards the lower solar atmosphere along magnetic field lines.

The sequence was captured using a TEC160FL refractor equipped with specialized hydrogen-alpha (H-alpha) solar imaging equipment, which helps reveal structures in the sun's atmosphere that would otherwise be very difficult to see.

Why is it incredible?

Coronal loop arcades like this one are a rare sight, but Johnston was particularly lucky to catch this one almost side-on at the edge of the sun, revealing the dramatic arching shape in exquisite detail.

"To see one AND catch it right on the limb AND have it happen on a clear day when I'm home and able to catch it was a real treat," Johnston told Space.com in an email.

Lucky for us, Johnston keeps a close eye on our star. The first thing he does each morning is check real-time imagery from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) to see what the sun is up to.

"One day I saw this and leapt out of bed and dashed to get set up to capture it," Johnston said.

And this isn't the first spectacular solar show Johnston has captured from his backyard. Back in June, he imaged a colossal 'Godzilla' plasma cloud seemingly stalking the edge of the sun, complete with streams of coronal rains cascading back towards the solar surface.

Watch India launch its 1st geosynchronous Earth-imaging satellite today

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 07:00:00 -0500

India plans to notch a spaceflight milestone today (Sept. 3), and you can watch the action live.

A GSLV Mark II rocket is scheduled to launch an Earth-imaging satellite toward geosynchronous orbit — something India has never done successfully — from Satish Dhawan Space Centre today at 5:25 p.m. EDT (2:55 a.m. on Sept. 4 India Standard Time).

You can watch it live here at Space.com, courtesy of the Indian Space Research Organisation, or directly via ISRO. Coverage will start 30 minutes before liftoff.

An Indian GSLV Mark II rocket topped with the EOS-05 Earth-observation satellite stands on the pad before its planned Sept. 3, 2026 launch. (Image credit: ISRO)

The GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) Mark II is a three-stage rocket that stands 170 feet (52 meters) tall. The vehicle debuted in 2010 and has 12 flights under its belt to date, 10 of them successful. (Its predecessor, the GSLV Mark I, flew six times between 2001 and 2010, with two launch failures.)

On today's flight, the GSLV Mark II will send up EOS-05, a 5,218-pound (2367 kilograms) satellite designed to study our planet from a very high perch.

"EOS-05 is a state-of-the-art Earth observation spacecraft," ISRO officials wrote in the press kit for today's launch. "It is India’s first-ever imaging satellite from geosynchronous orbit."

Geosynchronous orbit (GEO) lies 22,236 miles (35,786 kilometers) up, where orbital speed matches Earth's rotational speed. Spacecraft at this altitude can therefore "hover" over a particular patch of our planet, making it a popular destination for weather, communications and spy satellites.

EOS-05's "ability to maintain persistent coverage could support monitoring of the Indian subcontinent, including remote border areas, strategic assets, severe weather and environmental events," The Economic Times wrote on Wednesday (Sept. 2). "The satellite is intended for both civilian and military applications."

India tried to get an Earth-observing satellite to GEO once before — in August 2021, when a GSLV Mark II launched the EOS-03 spacecraft. But the rocket experienced an anomaly with its third stage, and the satellite was lost.

The rocket bounced back from that failure in May 2023 and is currently riding a streak of four consecutive successful launches.

Today's liftoff will be the third orbital mission for India in 2026. The others were flown by ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, which failed to deliver 16 satellites to orbit in January, and Skyroot Aerospace's Vikram-1 rocket, which aced the nation's first-ever private orbital launch in July.

India sends Earth-imaging satellite toward geosynchronous orbit in milestone launch (video)

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 07:00:00 -0500

India notched a spaceflight milestone today (Sept. 3).

A GSLV Mark II rocket launched an Earth-imaging satellite toward geosynchronous orbit from Satish Dhawan Space Centre today at 5:25 p.m. EDT (2:55 a.m. on Sept. 4 India Standard Time).

The GSLV deployed the satellite, called EOS-05, into sub-geosynchronous transfer orbit about 18 minutes later as planned. The success marked a first for India, which had never hit that mark with an Earth-observing satellite before.

An Indian GSLV Mark II rocket launches the EOS-05 Earth-observing satellite toward geosynchronous orbit on Sept. 3, 2026. (Image credit: ISRO)

The GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) Mark II is a three-stage rocket that stands 170 feet (52 meters) tall. The vehicle debuted in 2010 and now has 13 flights under its belt to date, 11 of them successful. (Its predecessor, the GSLV Mark I, flew six times between 2001 and 2010, with two launch failures.)

On today's flight, the GSLV Mark II sent up EOS-05, a 5,218-pound (2367 kilograms) satellite designed to study our planet from a very high perch.

"EOS-05 is a state-of-the-art Earth observation spacecraft," Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) officials wrote in the press kit for today's launch. "It is India’s first-ever imaging satellite from geosynchronous orbit."

An Indian GSLV Mark II rocket topped with the EOS-05 Earth-observation satellite stands on the pad before its Sept. 3, 2026 launch. (Image credit: ISRO)

The rocket bounced back from that failure in May 2023 and is now riding a streak of five consecutive successful launches.

Today's liftoff was the third orbital mission for India in 2026. The others were flown by ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, which failed to deliver 16 satellites to orbit in January, and Skyroot Aerospace's Vikram-1 rocket, which aced the nation's first-ever private orbital launch in July.

Editor's note: This story was updated at 6:50 p.m. ET on Sept. 3 with news of successful launch and satellite deployment.

Rocket issues delay 1st-ever private mission to Venus: 'We are awaiting Neutron readiness'

Thu, 03 Sep 2026 05:00:00 -0500

The future of a privately backed robotic mission Venus seems about as cloudy as the planet itself at the moment.

Scientists based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are working with the California-based company Rocket Lab to search for possible signs of life on Venus. The first step in that program is the Rocket Lab Mission to Venus, which will deploy a small, nose cone-like probe crafted to sample the Venusian atmosphere using a device called an autofluorescence nephelometer (AFN).

That AFN can measure individual particles in Venusian clouds, constraining their size, shape and composition in a search for signs of organic molecules.But that undertaking, primarily fueled by private dollars, has been waylaid due to getting a needed booster flight-qualified.

Neutron readiness

"We call ourselves the Morning Star Missions to Venus. The Rocket Lab Mission is the first mission in the series," said Sara Seager, a noted professor of planetary science at MIT.

"Rocket Lab moved the project to the Neutron rocket, and we are awaiting Neutron readiness," Seager told Space.com. Neutron was originally expected to debut in 2024, but it has yet to make its maiden voyage.

That first flight, which will launch from Rocket Lab's Launch Complex 3 on Wallops Island, Virginia, also depends on the successful completion of the vehicle's qualification testing and acceptance program, according to the company.

While Venus probing via private means has been a bit booster-bushwhacked, there has been promising progress with the venture.

An illustration shows Rocket Lab's Photon spacecraft above the clouds of Venus (Image credit: Rocket Lab)

Ready for Venus duty

Rocket Lab is providing the shell for the entry probe. NASA's Ames Research Center developed its heat shield, called the Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET), which consists of woven material that can protect the spacecraft against temperatures up to 4,500 degrees Fahrenheit (2,500 degrees Celsius).

Also ready for Venus duty is the probe's pressure vessel. Seager's team is providing the AFN, along with their ongoing, rigorous science preparation.

NASA transferred the heat shield to Rocket Lab in March 2025. The Venus probe is now resting in Rocket Lab's Long Beach headquarters. A responsive space entrepreneurial firm, Rocket Lab is providing the launch vehicle, the cruise vehicle and the probe for the mission, which carries the instrument from Seager's team. The mission will conduct the first-ever largely privately funded investigation of Venus.

Engineers at NASA's Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley attach the HEET heat shield on the first private spacecraft targeted for Venus. (Image credit: NASA/Brandon Torres Navarrete)

More to explore

Seager and her team aim to launch follow-on missions to Venus, too.

"After the Rocket Lab mission, we aim to send a payload to Venus to identify complex organic molecules," said Seager. "While this goal will not determine if life is present, it will establish that ingredients for life or molecules potentially used by life are present."

Seager and her colleagues have been studying two potential payloads for future missions. One is a laser desorption mass spectrometer, called ORIGIN, which is being built in Bern, Switzerland. A version of this instrument will soon travel to the surface of the moon on a private lander, via NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program.

Furthermore, Seager and her extended team have been developing a 16-foot-wide (5-meter) balloon capable of floating through the skies of Venus for one Earth week. "We are also developing miniature molecular sensors to target specific molecules of interest, including carbon nanotube sensors," she said.

'High hopes'

Paul Byrne is an associate professor of Earth, environmental and planetary sciences at the University of Washington in St. Louis, Missouri.

While the private Venus sojourn is currently in launch limbo, Byrne is bullish about its potential.

"The course of spacecraft exploration of the solar system rarely does run smoothly. Which is to say, we should expect delays, especially for a private mission, a company focused on developing their next class of rocket and a relatively underexplored destination," Byrne told Space.com.

"I continue to have high hopes for this mission, and for its role in demonstrating the role of private enterprise in space exploration," said Byrne, "and I'm keeping my fingers crossed for a successful flight before too long!"

An abode for alien life?

Venus' surface is a scorching-hot hellscape, a planet ravaged by a runaway greenhouse effect. However, Venus has been receiving more and more attention as a potential abode for atmospheric alien life.

Seager and her colleagues suggest that there is mounting evidence that the ingredients for life may exist in the highly acidic clouds that blanket Venus.

In a new study that appears this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Seager and her team report that, not only can short peptides (short chains of amino acids) remain stable in extremely acidic conditions, they can also fold into shapes that may allow them to have biological functions.

"We really don't know the full extent of what planetary archetypes are out there. We're seeking exoplanets that might be a true Earth twin, but what if they're all Venuses? Our findings definitely open up a whole range of possibilities," Seager said in an Aug. 31 MIT statement.

"If you find life in the clouds of Venus, then you can pretty much assume that life is quite prevalent throughout the universe," said Peter Beck, founder, president and chief executive officer of Rocket Lab.

There are other interplanetary missions on Rocket Lab's radar, including its ideas for a Mars Sample Return mission. And the company already has Mars experience: It built the twin probes for NASA's Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers (ESCAPADE) mission, which launched toward the Red Planet atop a Blue Origin New Glenn rocket in November 2025.

Illustration of Rocket Lab's new Neutron rocket in flight. (Image credit: Rocket Lab)

To be confirmed

According to Rocket Lab's website, the initial mission with MIT — which the company calls Venus Life Finder — has a launch date that's in "to be confirmed" status.

Undaunted by delay, Byrne said that Venus continues to surprise — and additional surprises are surely to come.

"Revisiting old data has given us new insight into the planet's clouds, and the hazes found by earlier entry probes might in fact be from cosmic dust," he said. "These and many other discoveries continue to motivate researchers and mission developers, and Rocket Lab's mission is only going to motivate us further!"

Astronomers discover mysterious 10-sided cloud structure at Saturn's south pole

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 16:00:00 -0500

A mysterious giant 10-sided pattern of clouds has recently formed around Saturn's south pole, a new study finds.

This newfound "decagon" joins the bizarre colossal hexagon seen for decades at Saturn's north pole. Saturn's hexagon — a cloud pattern about 20,000 miles (32,000 kilometers) wide — was first discovered in 1988 by scientists reviewing data from NASA's Voyager flybys of Saturn in 1980 and 1981. Despite decades of observations, no similar structure was seen anywhere else on Saturn — until now, as scientists have discovered an even larger structure on Saturn.

The newfound decagon is about 104,250 miles (167,820 kilometers) wide, with each of its 10 sides measuring about 10,425 miles (16,782 km) long. "This is a very unusual atmospheric phenomenon that is helping us to advance our understanding of meteorology in general," study lead author Agustin Sanchez-Lavega, a planetary scientist at the University of the Basque Country in Bilbao, Spain, told Space.com. "It tells us that the hexagon is not a unique, singular feature, as was previously thought."

In the new study, researchers investigated recent images of Saturn captured with NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. The way that Saturn's axis is tilted meant that the ringed planet's southern hemisphere was not visible from Earth from 2012 to 2023.

Hubble images from 2023 revealed the decagon to scientists for the first time. "It certainly came as a surprise," Sanchez-Lavega said. Ever since the hexagon was discovered in Saturn's north, he and his colleagues had investigated pictures of Saturn "to see if there was a polygonal formation in the south. And there was no sign of it."

The decagon moves slowly. "It takes about 800 days to complete a rotation about Saturn," Sanchez-Lavega said.

Previous research suggested Saturn's hexagon results from an eastward jet within its atmosphere flowing in a curving path near the ringed planet's north pole. Small perturbations in the jet — the kind one might expect from jostling with other air currents — made it meander into a hexagonal shape.

This colorful space wallpaper from NASA's Cassini mission is the highest-resolution view of the unique six-sided jet stream at Saturn's north pole known as the hexagon. Image obtained on Dec. 10, 2012 and released Dec. 4, 2013. (Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI/Hampton)

Similarly, experiments that Sanchez-Lavega and his colleagues performed with computer simulations of currents in shallow water suggest the decagon formed because of a meandering wave trapped by a curving atmospheric jet. Unlike the hexagon, whose sides and points have remained equally dark for decades, the decagon varies in darkness across its features. This could mean that it may still be evolving.

"We need to understand how the decagon evolves — in other words, whether in the coming years it will become unstable and break up, or conversely, become more stable and robust as solar radiation increases, which will peak at its latitude of around 60 degrees south in 2032," Sanchez-Lavega said.

The scientists also want to gain a more detailed understanding of the three-dimensional structure of the decagon's clouds, hazes, winds and temperatures. This will help them "develop more advanced models of its formation," Sanchez-Lavega said.

The scientists detailed their findings Sept. 2 in the journal Science Advances.

China's private, reusable Pallas-1 rocket aces debut launch (video)

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 15:00:00 -0500

Another reusable Chinese rocket has taken to the skies.

Pallas-1, a launcher developed by the Beijing-based company Galactic Energy, flew for the first time ever on Monday (Aug. 31), lifting off from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northwest China at 10 p.m. EDT (0200 GMT and 10 a.m. Beijing time on Sept. 1).

Everything went well on the mission, according to Galactic Energy.

Galactic Energy's Pallas-1 rocket launches for the first time ever, on Aug. 31, 2026. (Image credit: CCTV)

"The rocket successfully entered its predetermined orbit," the company said via social media on Monday about 30 minutes after liftoff (translation by Google). "This successful maiden flight marks Galactic Energy's official entry into a new development stage of combining solid and liquid propellants, driven by a dual-engine approach."

The company — which also operates Ceres-1, a small-satellite launcher with 23 flights under its belt to date — did not reveal what payloads, if any, Pallas-1 carried to orbit on Monday.

The two-stage Pallas-1 stands 171 feet (52 meters) tall and can haul about 15,400 pounds (7,000 kilograms) to low Earth orbit. It will be one of Galactic Energy's "core models for the large-scale satellite constellation deployment and launch market," the company wrote in Monday's update.

Reuse is key to that vision. Like SpaceX's workhorse Falcon 9, the Pallas-1 features a reusable first stage, which Galactic Energy says is designed to fly at 25 times. Also like the Falcon 9, the Pallas-1 booster will steer its way to Earth with the aid of hypersonic "grid fins" and touch down on deployable landing legs.

There was no landing attempt on Monday's debut flight, however. Galactic Energy is targeting the second half of 2027 for that milestone, according to Space News.

Pallas-1 won't be the first Chinese rocket to land during an orbital mission. Two have already done so — the Long March 10B, whose first stage settled into a net carried by a ship at sea on July 10, and Zhuque-3, which came down on landing legs on Aug. 18.

Long March rockets are built by the state-owned China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, but Zhuque-3 was developed by the Beijing startup LandSpace. A number of other Chinese companies are working on partially reusable rockets as well, including CAS Space, Deep Blue Aerospace, iSpace, Orienspace and Space Pioneer.

This was always the way: 'The Mandalorian and Grogu' is finally on Disney+

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 14:00:00 -0500

Famed author Thomas Wolfe coined the phrase "You Can’t Go Home Again" with the title of his classic 1940 novel, and while that actually might be true in some cases, "The Mandalorian and Grogu" gets its homecoming as it arrives on Disney+ for fans today, Sept. 2, 2026.

Honestly, this is probably where the $166 million "The Mandalorian" spinoff movie should have premiered in the first place, but Disney decided to test the big screen waters with its charismatic clansman and Baby Yoda. Sadly, it came up a bit short when all the tickets were tallied, but everyone loves second chances, and we're pretty psyched to see the space fantasy back where it belongs: in the vast streaming universe.

"The Mandalorian and Grogu" was directed by Jon Favreau from a script co-written by Lucasfilm President and CCO Dave Filoni and Noah Floor ("The Book of Boba Fett"). It stars Pedro Pascal as bounty hunter Din Djarin, Sigourney Weaver as Colonel Ward, Jeremy Allen White voicing Jabba the Hutt's beefy son, Rotta, and Grogu as… Grogu.

The intergalactic duo hits Disney+ starting Sept. 2, 2026. (Image credit: Disney+)

"The evil Empire has fallen, and Imperial warlords remain scattered throughout the galaxy," states the official synopsis. "As the fledgling New Republic works to protect everything the Rebellion fought for, they have enlisted the help of legendary Mandalorian bounty hunter Din Djarin and his young apprentice Grogu.”

The adventurous sci-fi spinoff also launched on Home Video on Aug. 25 in 4K Ultra HD and Blu-ray, packed with exclusive bonus content, featurettes, and audio commentary. A Beskar Collector's Edition SteelBook release includes special deluxe packaging and collectible metal posters.

As Labor Day Weekend approaches and with current theatrical offerings this time of year pretty slim, there’s a certain sense of optimism in the galaxy far, far away that "The Mandalorian and Grogu" will perform well and attract fresh audiences that might have been sitting on the sidelines until now.

"The Mandalorian and Grogu" lands on Disney+ starting Sept. 2, 2026 (AKA right now).

Watch The Mandalorian & Grogu on Disney+:
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2 spacecraft headed to Mercury are about to begin their long-awaited arrival for Europe and Japan — watch it live on Sept. 3

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 13:00:00 -0500

The BepiColombo mission is finally getting ready to arrive at its exotic destination.

BepiColombo launched in October 2018 and took a long, looping and highly circuitous route toward Mercury our solar system's innermost planet. That journey is now nearly over, and the mission is gearing up for arrival.

BepiColombo's two science orbiters — one run by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the other by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) — will separate from their power and propulsion module on Thursday (Sept. 3) at around 8 a.m. EDT (1200 GMT). You can watch that milestone live here at Space.com, courtesy of ESA, starting at 7:45 a.m. EDT (1145 GMT).

Artist's impression showing the Mercury Transfer Module (at bottom) separate from the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO) composite spacecraft. (Image credit: ESA/ATG medialab)

ESA will pause the webcast at 8:30 a.m. EDT (1230 GMT), then resume it an hour later to cover the mission teams' acquisition of signals from the newly free-flying orbiters.

Those communications links are expected to be established no earlier than 9:53 a.m. EDT (1353 GMT), according to ESA officials. The webcast will chronicle that activity, as well as some spacecraft status checks, before ending between 10:15 and 10:45 a.m. EDT (1415 to 1445 GMT).

Diagram showing the key moments in the BepiColombo mission's arrival at Mercury. (Image credit: ESA)

The separation is just the beginning of BepiColombo's Mercury-arrival phase. For example, the two science orbiters — ESA's Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and JAXA's Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO, or Mio) — won't be captured by the planet's gravity until Nov. 21.

The duo will still be linked up on that date. If all goes according to plan, MPO will release Mio into its final orbit — a highly elliptical one that gets as close as 367 miles (590 kilometers) to Mercury and as far away as 7,233 miles (11,640 km) — on Dec. 9 or Dec. 10, then start moving toward its own designated path a week later.

MPO is scheduled to reach its final orbit — an ellipse with altitude extremes of 298 miles and 932 miles (480 by 1,500 km) on March 10, 2027. The science phase of the BepiColombo mission (which is named after Italian mathematician and engineer Giuseppe "Bepi" Colombo) will begin on April 6.

That science work — performed over the course of at least one Earth year — should be intriguing and rewarding. MPO will map Mercury and Mio will study its magnetosphere, working together to shed light on "the least explored planet in the inner solar system," ESA officials wrote in a BepiColombo mission description.

"Among several investigations, BepiColombo will make a complete map of Mercury at different wavelengths," they added. "It will chart the planet's mineralogy and elemental composition, determine whether the interior of the planet is molten or not, and investigate the extent and origin of Mercury’s magnetic field."

2 spacecraft headed to Mercury are about to begin their long-awaited arrival for Europe and Japan — watch it live today

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 13:00:00 -0500

The BepiColombo mission is finally getting ready to arrive at its exotic destination.

ESA will pause the webcast at 8:30 a.m. EDT (1230 GMT), then resume it an hour later to cover the mission teams' acquisition of signals from the newly free-flying orbiters.

Diagram showing the key moments in the BepiColombo mission's arrival at Mercury. (Image credit: ESA)

Blue Origin wins $700 million contract to build NASA's next Mars orbiter

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 12:00:00 -0500

Blue Origin will build NASA's next Mars orbiter.

The agency announced on Tuesday (Sept. 1) that it has selected Jeff Bezos' spaceflight company to develop the $700 million Mars Telecommunications Network (MTN), which is expected to be up and running at the Red Planet by 2030.

"The award marks a milestone in NASA's strategy to expand communications and navigation services beyond Earth and the moon, establishing the foundation for sustained exploration of Mars in the coming decades," NASA officials said in a statement on Tuesday.

As its name suggests, the MTN — previously known as the Mars Telecommunications Orbiter — will primarily serve to aid NASA science missions rather than gather data of its own.

The MTN is "a next-generation communications system that will enable reliable, high-bandwidth communications and navigation services for current and future Mars missions," NASA officials said in the statement.

The need for such a data-relay craft is expected to become acute in the coming years as NASA's fleet of current Mars orbiters ages and the agency works to prepare the Red Planet ground for crewed missions in the late 2030s or early 2040s.

At the moment, just two NASA orbiters relay data and commands between the agency's Curiosity and Perseverance Mars rovers and their handlers on Earth — Mars Odyssey and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which launched in 2001 and 2005, respectively. The European Space Agency's Mars Express and Trace Gas Orbiter spacecraft help out as well.

All four of these orbiters are gathering science data of their own, however. The MTN will not have a split focus; it will be a dedicated communications craft.

Our Mars Telecommunications Orbiter, built upon the Blue Ring platform, will strengthen the communications backbone at the Red Planet while creating new pathways for science. Capable of delivering multiple payloads to the surface and orbits of Mars, it drives discovery today and… pic.twitter.com/nCN8zMAWCkMarch 5, 2026

NASA got $700 million for a Mars telecom orbiter in July 2025, when Congress passed a budget reconciliation bill. The agency laid out requirements for the spacecraft in February of this year, then issued a request for proposals in May.

Blue Origin and Rocket Lab were viewed as the front-runners for the contract, and both pushed hard for it, touting their bona fides and expertise.

Blue Origin won out in the end, however. The company will base MTN on its Blue Ring spacecraft platform, which it describes as "an all-in-one, high-powered hybrid solar electric and chemical propelled spacecraft that provides unmatched mission maneuverability, versatility, and capacity at dramatically lower profile costs."

Blue Ring has not flown a mission yet, but a prototype version of it went to space on the first-ever launch of Blue Origin's powerful New Glenn rocket in January 2025. Though Blue Ring can fly on other rockets as well, MTN will presumably launch on a New Glenn; the newly announced NASA contract calls for Blue Origin to "design, develop, integrate, launch and operate" the Mars telecom mission.

The contract calls for Blue Origin to deliver the spacecraft to NASA no later than Dec. 31, 2028.

'You’re going to feel exposed, vulnerable, and very isolated' — 'Alien Isolation 2' creative director talks upping the scare factor for the sequel (interview)

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 11:00:00 -0500

Released in 2014, "Alien: Isolation" was a sci-fi horror gaming masterpiece that combined stealth, survival horror mechanics, and cinema's greatest monster to create an underpants-ruiningly terrifying experience. After earning phenomenal reviews, winning awards, and selling millions of copies globally, players were left clamouring for a sequel. Now, 12 years later, it's finally happening.

In June 2026, fans got what they’ve been waiting for: their first real glimpse into what Alien: Isolation 2 has in store. From the trailer, we learned that players will play as a survey team member at a small Weyland-Yutani outpost called Kurosaki Station. When a ship crashes in the nearby forest, you head out to search for survivors, but the search-and-rescue mission quickly becomes a fight for survival when you start being hunted by a xenomorph.

While Alien: Isolation 2 doesn’t have an official release date yet, more info is expected later this year, including our hands-on preview at Gamescom 2026 (which is coming later this week). In the meantime, Space caught up with Al Hope, the Creative Director for Alien: Isolation 2, to chat about what it’s like to create horror in video games and what fans can expect from the sequel.

Space.com: Alien: Isolation is considered one of the scariest games ever made. In fact, many people see it as the scariest game ever. Do you think you’ve discovered the secret to great video game horror?

Hope: "What can I say, we had the best source material in the world to work with. We spent so long deconstructing Ridley Scott’s 1979 movie when making Alien: Isolation to really understand the building blocks, and how it evokes such a unique and striking sense of horror to this day.

"That’s what we build into our games. That sense of powerlessness against an unknowable, unkillable foe. The ‘perfect organism’ as Ash dubs it. And you’re its prey in a deadly game of cat-and-mouse. We’re taking that brand of horror even further in Alien: Isolation 2."

(Image credit: The Creative Assembly)

Space.com: We have new sets in Alien: Isolation 2, from woodlands to an outpost settlement. What was it like taking the claustrophobic, outer space terror of the first game and transporting it into new environments and settings? Were there any challenges in keeping the horror alive in these areas, or did the new settings help create terror of their own?

Hope: "In many ways, the sequel is a blend of the old and the new. You’ll experience that familiar claustrophobia you felt on Sevastopol Station in the first game while exploring the facilities on Kurosaki in the sequel. You’ll be hunted mercilessly, and you’ll need to improvise in order to change the odds and survive. These are the cornerstones of what we term the ‘Isolation Experience.’

"But as you’ve guessed, the exterior environments in Alien: Isolation 2 have a kind of horror all their own. You might feel some initial sense of relief when escaping the claustrophobic confines of the colony, but the exterior areas are storm-ravaged and wildly inhospitable. The violent weather can rob you of your senses, and yes, the Alien will hunt you outdoors as well, in ways you haven’t experienced before. You’re going to feel exposed, vulnerable, and very isolated."

(Image credit: The Creative Assembly)

Space.com: Over the last few decades, the Alien franchise feels like it’s drifted more and more into the action genre. What encouraged you to take Alien back to its horror roots with Isolation?

Hope: "Back then, we wanted to provide, for the very first time, the experience of encountering and trying to survive against cinema's greatest killer. In a way, it was the game we always wanted to play."

Space.com: In Predator: Badlands, we got our biggest Alien-Predator crossover yet outside of the AVP franchise. With the debate settled and it now firmly canon that the universes are shared, can players expect any Predator easter eggs in Alien: Isolation 2?

Hope: "Our focus in the sequel is very much on placing you in the shoes of a character who has no prior knowledge of the Alien, and who encounters it for the first time.

"How she reacts to that, and how you deal with it through your choices and actions, is where the drama lies. While we will have other NPCs and threats which contribute to that drama, the Predator isn’t a character or concept we’re factoring into the game."

(Image credit: The Creative Assembly)

Space.com: It's been over 10 years since the first game, and many fans started wondering if we were ever going to get a sequel. What took so long to make a sequel happen, and do you think waiting so long helped (or hindered) you at all when making the game?

Hope: "We’d always intended to make a sequel. Even during the development of the original, we had a number of ideas regarding the direction the next game could take.

"But we also had some great opportunities to work on other titles and try some new stuff out, like Halo Wars 2. But again, the hope was always to return with another Isolation game, and now that we’re back in full flow, it feels like coming home."

(Image credit: The Creative Assembly)

Space.com: Timeline-wise, Alien: Isolation takes place between the first two movies, and the sequel apparently takes place just months after the first game. So in the larger Alien timeline, gamers are still playing a story that happens between the first two movies. Does the game’s place in the larger timeline impact how you told the story?

Hope: That’s right, so the original game takes place around 15 years after the events of Alien, and Alien: Isolation 2 picks up a few months after the first game. Its place in the timeline means we’re continuing to draw inspiration from that lo-fi, sci-fi world of tactile, analogue equipment, and environmental features you can touch and feel. Now that we’re expressing those aesthetics in the context of a Weyland-Yutani colony, we have a whole new canvas to explore artistically.

Alien: Isolation 2 is releasing on PC (Steam), PS5, Xbox Series X|S, and Nintendo Switch 2, though there is no fixed release date at this time.

'Alien Isolation 2' creative director talks upping the scare factor for the sequel (interview)

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 11:00:00 -0500

(Image credit: The Creative Assembly)

Hope: "Our focus in the sequel is very much on placing you in the shoes of a character who has no prior knowledge of the Alien, and who encounters it for the first time.

(Image credit: The Creative Assembly)

Hope: "We’d always intended to make a sequel. Even during the development of the original, we had a number of ideas regarding the direction the next game could take.

(Image credit: The Creative Assembly)

Alien: Isolation 2 is releasing on PC (Steam), PS5, Xbox Series X|S, and Nintendo Switch 2, though there is no fixed release date at this time.

Supermassive black holes 'too big' for the early universe may not be so massive after all

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 10:00:00 -0500

In the four years that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has been making observations of the early universe, it has been delivering one scientific milestone after another. However, the $10 billion telescope has also left astronomers with a massive problem — literally.

The JWST has been routinely spotting supermassive black holes in the early universe that, at hundreds of millions of times the mass of the sun, are too big to have grown to such monstrous sizes before the universe was even 1 billion years old. These cosmic titans are also too massive in comparison to the masses of their small host galaxies, challenging what astronomers know about the relationships between supermassive black holes and their galactic homes that are usually observed in the modern universe.

Now, new research suggests this isn't such a massive problem after all. The team behind this research thinks that it is all a matter of perspective, and that these early supermassive black holes aren't as monstrous as scientists have estimated.

"We estimate masses of roughly one to ten million solar masses, compared with the tens or hundreds of millions previously inferred," team leader Alessandro Trinca of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) Astronomical Observatory of Rome told Space.com. "These are still enormous objects, comparable to the four-million-solar-mass black hole at the center of the Milky Way, or a few times larger, but they lie at the lower end of the supermassive black hole population rather than among the most extreme examples.

"Importantly, these masses are much more consistent with the small galaxies that host them."

The answer to this puzzle may lie in missing X-rays

While considering the mystery of "overmassive" black holes in the early universe, Trinca and colleagues picked up on another puzzle associated with these objects.

To reach such sizes, these black holes must be voraciously feeding on surrounding gas and dust. Such feeding black holes and the cosmic larders of gas and dust that surround them are usually extremely bright emitters of X-rays. But this doesn't seem to be the case with the supermassive black holes in the early universe seen by the JWST. The team looked at 14 X-ray-silent supermassive black holes, finding that there is another way of considering this lack of emission.

"Almost none of them are detected in X-rays, even in very deep observations with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory," Trinca said. "We interpreted this lack of X-rays as a clue rather than a problem. By incorporating it into our analysis, we find that these objects are likely much less massive than previously estimated. This brings their estimated masses into better agreement with the properties of their host galaxies."

This led Trinca and the team to another conclusion: these early supermassive black holes may not be as massive as previously theorized, but they are feeding even more rapidly than was thought.

An illustration of the region surrounding a feeding supermassive black hole. (Image credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva))

If feeding supermassive black holes blast out a lot of X-rays, then it might seem somewhat counterintuitive that ravenously feeding black holes could be X-ray "quiet."

Trinca explains that this apparent contradiction is related to what happens when a black hole accretes matter at extremely high rates. The disk of gas around the black hole becomes geometrically thick, forming a donut-like structure with a narrow funnel along the rotation axis. The hot inner region that would normally produce strong X-rays becomes surrounded by this thick disk.

"As the X-rays escape, they are repeatedly scattered by the surrounding gas, losing energy before they can emerge. As a result, the black hole appears much fainter in X-rays than we would normally expect," Trinca continued. "Therefore, the lack of X-rays is not unexpected in this scenario; it is actually a prediction of the model.

"In addition, this very high feeding might help explain how these black holes could already have grown to millions of times the sun's mass when the universe was only a few hundred million years old."

Out-eating Eddington

One of the reasons that supermassive black holes are so troubling in the early universe is the fact that they grow by consuming matter and through merging with other black holes. However, there exists a limit to how rapidly a black hole, or any astronomical body, can gather or "accrete" matter.

Called the "Eddington limit," this exists because the more matter a body accretes, the more radiation it blasts out. So as the disk around a feeding black hole gathers enough mass to feed a rapidly growing black hole, it should emit so much radiation that it pushes away more matter, preventing it from being replenished.

Eventually this cuts off the food supply to the black hole and curtails its growth. However, this research suggests that supermassive black holes can enter brief phases of "super-Eddington" feeding.

"If these black holes are up to thirty times less massive than previously estimated, there is much less mass to build up within the available time, and their growth history becomes much less extreme," Trinca said. "Instead of requiring continuous, uninterrupted growth over hundreds of millions of years, the picture becomes one of shorter episodes of very rapid accretion, which is exactly the kind of behavior we might expect in the gas-rich and dynamically active galaxies of the early universe."

An illustration of the JWST which continues to break new ground in astronomy (Image credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva))

Confirming the team's theory about bouts of extreme feeding for supermassive black holes will require astronomical evidence, which may be tough to obtain at least for now.

"The most direct test would be to study similar objects that are accreting very rapidly but are located at lower redshifts, where we can observe and characterize their environments in much greater detail. However, such objects are quite rare," Trinca said. "For the more distant population observed with JWST, future missions providing deeper X-ray observations and improved spectra will be of crucial importance and might potentially detect the weak X-ray emission predicted by this scenario."

The INAF researcher added that in the longer term, obtaining direct and independent measurements of black hole masses at progressively earlier cosmic times will provide the strongest test of the team's theory. For now, the research is a striking example of what scientists can do when they don't detect something, rather than when they make a positive detection.

"What was interesting was seeing how much information could be extracted from something we did not observe," Trinca concluded. "A non-detection may appear to be the least informative type of observation, but in this case the absence of X-rays provided a strong constraint and helped define the physical picture more clearly than the detections alone."

The team's research was published in the June edition of the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Falcon Heavy brings the heat | Space photo of the day for Sept. 2, 2026

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 09:10:07 -0500

Fire spews from the 27 Merlin engines of a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket during the launch of NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope on Aug. 30, 2026. (Image credit: SpaceX)

SpaceX's Falcon Heavy rocket can generate some serious thrust, leading to incredible displays of fireworks as seen in the photo above.

What is it?

In this photo, the 27 Merlin engines of a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket spew fire as they generate the thrust that sent NASA's revolutionary Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope to orbit on a picture-perfect morning launch on Sunday, Aug. 30, 2026.

Falcon Heavy sent Roman to a gravitationally stable parking spot known as Lagrange Point 2, located 1 million miles away (1.5 million kilometers) between Earth and Mars, where the gravitational pulls of the sun and Earth equal out.

Once there, the Roman Space Telescope will spend a few months coming online before it begins conducting groundbreaking science, searching the universe for signs of dark energy and dark matter and hunting for distant exoplanets.

Why is it incredible?

SpaceX only pulls out Falcon Heavy when it needs incredible heavy lift capability. The rocket essentially consists of three Falcon 9 rocket boosters attached to one another, whose combined 27 Merlin engines together can generate over 5 million pounds (2.27 million kilograms) of thrust. That lift power enables Falcon Heavy to send large payloads to distant destinations.

Aside from Roman, other notable Falcon Heavy missions include the 2024 launch of the Europa Clipper mission to Jupiter's icy moon, the Psyche probe that will investigate a metal-rich asteroid in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter, and most famously, a Tesla roadster convertible featuring a mannequin 'driver'.

On this day in space! Sept. 2, 2016: Rosetta spacecraft finds long-lost Philae lander on Comet 67P after 2-year search

Wed, 02 Sep 2026 09:00:00 -0500

On Sept. 2, 2016, the European Space Agency finally located Philae, its long-lost comet lander. Philae was a spacecraft about the size of a washing machine, and it was dropped off at Comet 67P by another spacecraft named Rosetta in November 2014.

But when Philae's landing harpoons failed to deploy, it bounced all over the comet before tumbling into a shady place where its solar panels couldn't collect enough light. Philae did transmit some data to Rosetta while using the last of its batteries after the landing, and it occasionally made contact for months after the crash.

Rosetta kept looking for Philae by flying around Comet 67P and taking photos. It took Rosetta almost two years to find Philae. A photo taken on Sept. 2, 2016 showed little Philae lying on its side in a dark, rocky crevice.

Why it mattered

These side-by-side images of the Philae lander show it tilted on its side on the comet 67P/C-G after its landing from its Rosetta spacecraft on Nov. 12, 2014. It took nearly 2 years for Rosetta to spot the lander after the landing. (Image credit: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA)

Locating Philae's grave finally gave the European Space Agency some closure less than a month before Rosetta's mission came to an end with an epic crash landing on Comet 67/P.

The European Space Agency's Rosetta mission was an ambitious project. It was the first mission ever to successfully land a probe on the surface of a comet to understand how the icy objects change as they travel through the solar system (although, NASA's Deep Impact mission did intentionally crash into a comet on July 4, 2005, it did not make soft, controlled landing).

The moment of truth occured on Nov. 12, 2014, when Philae touched down on the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (we'll call it 67P for short) after a day-long descent that some scientists had dubbed the "seven hours of terror."

This series of images shows the comet 67P with red indicators showing the location of the Philae lander on its surface from the Rosetta spacecraft. (Image credit: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA)

While Philae succeeded in its attempt to make the first-ever soft landing on a comet (Philae actually landed 3 times after bouncing twice), and even snapped photos of the surface, its exact location was unknown. Philae failed to fire a set of harpoons to anchor it into the surface of Comet 67P, and while Rosetta did manage to track the lander after its first bounce, it lost track shortly thereafter.

Philae was a solar-powered lander, equipped with a suite of 10 instruments (and even a drill) to study comet 67P up close. But because it ultimated ended up in a shadowy crevasse on its side, it couldn't generate the power needed for prolonged science observations. Its onboard batteries ran out after just 60 hours. But despite that truncated lifetime, Philae made several key discoveries – including detecting organics on 67P, mission scientists said.

Fortunately, the Rosetta mission team had plenty of time to search for Philae.

Rosetta circled comet 67P for another 22 months, snapping more than 80,000 images in all as it studied the icy object while also searching for Philae. By luck, Rosetta managed to find Philae just weeks before its mission ended with its own landing on the comet on Sept. 30, 2014.